{"id":252,"date":"2022-05-30T09:59:28","date_gmt":"2022-05-30T09:59:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/coph2022.pl\/?page_id=252"},"modified":"2022-10-18T19:22:50","modified_gmt":"2022-10-18T19:22:50","slug":"abstrakty","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/coph2022.pl\/?page_id=252","title":{"rendered":"Abstrakty"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"252\" class=\"elementor elementor-252\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7ae9569a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7ae9569a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-400bddf3\" data-id=\"400bddf3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-230840c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"230840c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.8.0 - 30-10-2022 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The 4th Congress of International Researchers\nof Polish History<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4717b613 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"4717b613\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.8.0 - 30-10-2022 *\/\n.elementor-column .elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(--spacer-size)}.e-con{--container-widget-width:100%}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer{width:var(--container-widget-width,var(--spacer-size));-ms-flex-item-align:stretch;align-self:stretch;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container,.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer{height:100%}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer>.elementor-spacer-inner,.e-con>.elementor-widget-spacer>.elementor-widget-container>.elementor-spacer>.elementor-spacer-inner{height:var(--container-widget-height,var(--spacer-size))}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65b1d8b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"65b1d8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">ABSTRACTS<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-726c3d00 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"726c3d00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Joanna Nalewajko-Kulikov<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1288022 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1288022\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The semiannual Acta Poloniae Historica (APH), published by the Tadeusz Manteuffel Institute of History of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ranks among the leading Polish historical periodicals in international circulation. Founded by the outstanding Polish historian Marian Ma\u0142owist (1909\u20131988), APH has been published since 1958 in languages such as German, French and English (in the last 30 years, English has become the main language of the journal). APH deals with problems and issues reflecting the most recent research findings and the output of Polish historians covering the historic periods spanning from the Middle Ages till the present; it also offers a representation of the most important trends of world historiography in Polish and, more broadly, Central European historiography. For more than twenty years now, the journal has been featured with the Master List of Philadelphia (without the impact factor [IF]) and with the ERIH (INT-1) list. The contents of each issue are available in open access.\n <\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-270f67f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"270f67f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Igor K\u0105kolewski<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63731fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"63731fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Centre for Historical Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Berlin (Polish: Centrum Bada\u0144 Historycznych Polskiej Akademii Nauk w Berlinie, abbreviated: CBH PAN; German: Zentrum f\u00fcr Historische Forschung Berlin der Polnischen Akademie der Wissenschaften) is a research institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN) based in Berlin, Germany. Established in 2006, it is one of six units of the PAN outside of Poland, along with centres in Brussels, Kyiv, Paris, Rome and Vienna. The CBH PAN is a centre for research on Polish\u2013German relations in the context of European history and culture. It carries out scientific, educational and cultural projects, intended both for experts and the general public, either independently or in collaboration with international partners. It disseminates the results of these projects through articles and books, conferences, seminars, exhibitions and online. The CBH PAN emphasises an interdisciplinary approach to the humanities and social sciences, such as history, art history, cultural studies, museology, political science, sociology, and cultural anthropology. It promotes rapprochement between Poles and Germans through scientific diplomacy.\n <\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1c8e69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d1c8e69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rafa\u0142 Rogulski\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24ee859 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"24ee859\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The European Network Remembrance and Solidarity is an international endeavour promoting the research, documentation and dissemination of knowledge on the European history of the twentieth century and the ways of commemorating it. The particular focus of the Network is on periods rife with dictatorships, wars and popular resistance against tyranny. The members of the Network are: Germany, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Hungary, while representatives from Albania, Austria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia and Georgia sit on its advisory boards.  www.enrs.eu <\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62b6946 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"62b6946\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">W\u0142odzimierz Bolecki<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6ea994 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f6ea994\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Established in 1991, the Foundation for Polish Science is an independent and self-funding non-profit and non-governmental organisation with a mission to support scientific research. The Foundation is Poland\u2019s largest non-governmental source of science funding. The statutory goals of the Foundation include supporting outstanding scientists and research teams and promoting the transfer of scientific achievements to economic practice. The Foundation pursues these goals by awarding individual prizes and scholarships to scientists, granting subsidies for the implementation of scientific achievements in economic practice and providing other forms of support to vital undertakings for the development of science (e.g. publishing programmes, conferences, etc.). The Foundation is also committed to supporting international scientific cooperation and promoting the scientific independence of young scholars. www.fnp.org.pl \n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8015552 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8015552\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Maja Kiedrowska\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bfe97c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bfe97c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Founded in 1984, the GFPS-Poland Scientific and Cultural Association in Central and Eastern Europe is a cross-border social organisation fostering cooperation between the countries of Central and Eastern Europe through partner organisations and informal initiatives in Poland, the Czech Republic, Germany, Belarus and Ukraine. The association was established in the 1980s on the initiative of a student who wanted to create opportunities for closer cross-political cooperation between students from Poland and West Germany.\nThe vision of the GFPS is to promote an open Europe in which cultural and linguistic diversity is seen as an opportunity and valuable legacy. We believe that European countries can understand each other only through mutual attentiveness and curiosity. The aim of the GFPS is to support science, individual and collective research projects, as well as student and research exchanges and cooperation between Poland and Germany and other Central and Eastern European countries. The Association\u2019s focus is on the Polish-German-Ukrainian scholarship programme to enable direct transcultural exchange. By organising international conferences, scientific seminars, summer exchanges and language courses, the Association also fosters the mutual discovery of people, languages, countries and cultures, as well as liaison building and cultural exchange between different societies.\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3dab946 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3dab946\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Heidi Hein-Kircher\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-144b603 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"144b603\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Herder Institute is an internationally renowned centre for research on Eastern Central Europe. It is an institution of scientific infrastructure with globally unique collections.\nThe Institute supports a wide range of scientific activities on the historical and cultural development of East Central Europe through its research, knowledge transfer, documentation and digitisation departments. The focus of interest is on Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, as well as the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad. An important concern is the joint exploration of the interrelation of this core region with its neighbours in a comparative pan-European context. For several years now, the Digital Humanities have been a major focus of the institute\u2019s work, both in the area of digital and social infrastructure development as well as in research and career development. The unique collections consist of a research library on the history and culture of East Central Europe, which now contains more than half a million media units, including a music collection, a samizdat collection and a press collection. In addition, the Institute also has one of the best image archives with image carriers of all kinds, especially on the art and cultural history of East Central Europe (currently about 700,000 units), a map collection with about 45,000 map sheets, about 1,200 old maps and slightly more than 6,300 aerial photographs from the years between 1942 and 1945. Finally, the document collection focuses on the history of the Baltic States and continuously collects estates, family archives, individual archival documents, as well as photographed archival records (about 1,300 running metres of shelving). The materials held in stock are the starting point for our research, close cooperation with the two universities in Giessen and Marburg in research and teaching and close networking with numerous other Leibniz institutions (Leibniz Research Associations).\nWebsite: https:\/\/www.herder-institut.de\/en\/welcome\/\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eceedc4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"eceedc4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ewa Babiarz, Iwona Dr\u0105g-Korga\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b5ea74 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4b5ea74\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Established in New York on 4th July 1943, the Pi\u0142sudski Institute of America is a non-profit organisation devoted to promoting science and collecting, safe-keeping and preserving documents. The Institute was founded by eminent Americans of Polish descent and close associates of Marshal Pi\u0142sudski who sought refuge in the United States during World War II. The Pi\u0142sudski Institute continues the tradition of the Institute for Research in Modern History of Poland, founded in Warsaw in 1923. \nFrom the very beginning, the Institute has been involved in the preservation of Polish national heritage in the United States, collecting documents and safe-keeping of both the archives and library, museum and art gallery collections. Currently, the Institute\u2019s holdings comprise over one million documents and twenty thousand books; they also include collections of photographs, newspapers, maps, stamps and over 250 paintings by Polish artists such as Matejko, Gierymski, Wyspia\u0144ski, Wycz\u00f3\u0142kowski and Czerma\u0144ski.\nThe mission of the Institute is to catalogue documents and make them available to the public. This includes a digitisation project that has been ongoing for many years now. The Institute\u2019s archives are open to researchers and history enthusiasts from all over the world. Each year, for the shared benefit of Polish and American communities, the Institute organises events to popularise Polish history and culture. An important part of the Institute\u2019s activities is to educate the younger generation through history lessons for Polish supplementary school students and New York City public school students attending a Polish-English bilingual programme. The Institute\u2019s Board of Directors also awards prizes to outstanding representatives of science, history, art and business. \nThe Institute plays a prominent role in researching Poland\u2019s recent history and promoting Poland abroad.\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e14d5a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4e14d5a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ruth Leiserowitz\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f357bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0f357bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Founded in 1993, the Warsaw-based German Historical Institute is an independent research institution. Since 2002, it has been a part of the Max Weber Foundation \u2013 International Humanities. Its mission is to investigate the history of Poland within a European and international context throughout different historical epochs. In addition, the Institute promotes dialogue among historians at national and international levels. In particular, it aims to impart information about German historical research and present its findings in Poland, while providing the same service with respect to Polish historical research in Germany. The Institute is also committed to supporting the next generation of scholars in the field of historical research in Poland and East-Central Europe.\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b05a903 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b05a903\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hubert Chudzio\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b24fba elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6b24fba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Pedagogical University Centre for the Documentation of Deportations, Expulsions and Resettlements was founded in 2011. The Centre comprises a research unit, museum, archive and library. The aim of the Centre is to preserve the memory of the inhabitants of the Republic of Poland (within its current and historic borders) who were subject to forced migration. Accordingly, the Centre for the Documentation of Deportations, Expulsions and Resettlements carries out multiple scientific projects to record testimonies from witnesses to history, as well as to collect, catalogue and preserve other source materials. To date, in addition to its domestic activities, the Centre has carried out research in the UK (on several occasions), USA, Canada, Australia, South Africa, Israel and Kazakhstan. This activity has brought a collection of more than 1,000 testimonies (audio and video accounts) from witnesses to history: Polish citizens (past and present) subject to forced migration; it has also produced thousands of documents, photographs and artefacts. The collected materials depict the history of Poland and the Polish community in exile. The outcomes of the Centre\u2019s activity have been disseminated through scientific publications, documentaries, educational activities and exhibitions (e.g. in Paris, Kampala and Dar es Salaam). The Centre is committed to documenting and renovating Polish cemeteries in East and Southern Africa, which are the traces of the settlements established by the Polish refugees from the Soviet Union during World War II. Recently, the Pedagogical University Centre for the Documentation of Deportations, Expulsions and Resettlements has been presented with the Honorary Diploma of the J\u00f3zef Dietl Award (2021), the Distinction and Medal awarded by the Chapter of the Zygmunt Gloger Prize and Medal (2022) and the Award of the Polish Minister of Education and Science for significant scientific achievements (2021).\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13a6e50 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13a6e50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Agata W\u0105sowska-Pawlik\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04d78e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"04d78e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The International Cultural Centre (ICC) in Krak\u00f3w is a national institution of culture, operating since 1991 at 25 Main Market Square, specialising in issues of culture and heritage of Central Europe. The ICC: \n\u2013 concentrates on issues of broadly understood cultural heritage in an active dialogue with Poland\u2019s neighbours and the world; \n\u2013 pursues the mission of public diplomacy by developing Poland\u2019s position as an important actor within the international community (UNESCO, V4, the Barcelona Process, the Berlin Process), and as a significant partner for cultural and intellectual cooperation;\n\u2013 refers to history, the history of art and architecture, memory, cultural heritage protection, as well as all aspects of its management;\n\u2013 combines interdisciplinary research projects with more popular endeavours that introduce the Polish audience (exhibitions, publications, meetings, workshops, educational programmes) to the history, culture and art of the twentieth century, with a special focus on Central Europe;\n\u2013 is a pioneer of the modern approach to culture and heritage, particularly in the context of culture and heritage management and their use for contemporary society;\n\u2013 organises the scholarship programme of the Polish Ministry of Culture, National Heritage Thesaurus Poloniae, addressed to international scholars conducting research on the culture, history and multicultural heritage of the Republic of Poland and Central Europe;\n\u2013 acts as the publisher of a Polish-English quarterly Herito, dedicated to cultural heritage, \u2013 present and future.\nMore information available on a website (https:\/\/mck.krakow.pl\/), on Facebook (https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/mckkrakow\/) and Instagram (https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/mckkrakow\/)\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c095cc7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c095cc7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Krystyna Bartol, Malwina G\u0119balska, \n\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87080cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"87080cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Set up in 2011 to support basic research in Poland, the National Science Centre (Narodowe Centrum Nauki, or the NCN) is a government agency, supervised by the Polish Ministry of Education and Science. The NCN funds projects in Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, Life Sciences and Physical Sciences and Engineering. The NCN has funding schemes dedicated to researchers at different stages of their career.\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7dde7d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e7dde7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0141ukasz Wo\u0142osz\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-189e87c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"189e87c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The DAAD German Academic Exchange Service is one of the world\u2019s largest funding organisations for the international exchange of students and researchers. It was founded in 1925 in Heidelberg. Since then, the DAAD has supported approximately 2 million students and researchers in Germany and abroad. The German Academic Exchange Service is a joint organisation of German universities and student bodies. The DAAD supports the internationalisation of German universities, promotes German Studies and the German language abroad, assists developing countries in establishing effective universities and advises decision makers on matters of scientific, education and development policies. That being said, the DAAD\u2019s core activity is to provide scholarships to outstanding students and researchers. Successful in the here and now, the German Academic Exchange Service has also set itself ambitious goals for the future: supporting lifelong learning, educating and inspiring professionals and managers to act responsibly and creating sustainable networks for global cooperation. The DAAD has Representative Offices around the world. One such office is located in Warsaw, Poland (established in 1997). The Warsaw office is the main point of contact for Polish students and researchers who plan to study in Germany or would like to carry out a research project in Germany.\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-058423d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"058423d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paulina Kubylis\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ecf9178 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ecf9178\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Polish-U.S. Fulbright Commission is an educational foundation that administers the Fulbright Programme in Poland. \nThe Fulbright Programme is the U.S. government\u2019s flagship international educational exchange programme. The programme is considered to be one of the most widely recognised and prestigious scholarships in the world, and its reputation transcends the world of academia. Present in 160 countries, the Fulbright Programme has awarded scholarships to over 380 thousand individuals (2021 data).\nThe Fulbright Programme in Poland has two dimensions. The first one is purely practical: we finance the study visits of Polish students, researchers and academic teachers to the U.S. and support their promising projects. The other one is ideological: we believe that the exchange of knowledge and skills serves an even greater purpose than the advancement of learning. According to the vision of the initiator of the Programme, the American Senator J. William Fulbright, it is a tool for building dialogue and peaceful relations between nations. By bringing together the academic circles of different countries, we bring together whole societies. Since the programme works in two directions, U.S. researchers and experts have the opportunity to study or teach in Poland. As a result, many Polish academic and educational institutions, as well as non-governmental organisations, have the chance to invite specialists and lecturers from the U.S. to work with them on their projects. We believe that international exchange allows one to grasp the perspective of other nations, see the world through their eyes, understand their cultures and even verify one\u2019s own beliefs or preconceptions. In this presentation, we will focus on the Fulbright offer for Polish institutions that wish to cooperate with American students, researchers, academic teachers and specialists in the humanities. We will also present information on Fulbright scholarship opportunities.\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd1f244 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fd1f244\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jan Rydel\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd4576b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cd4576b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Established in 2008, the German-Polish Foundation for Science was created by Poland, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Federal State of Brandenburg. The Foundation\u2019s aim is to support scientific research carried out jointly by scholars and students from Poland and Germany, as well as by individuals from third countries. In addition, the Foundation assists in the development of new German-Polish structures for scientific research and university teaching.\nThe Foundation grants support to research projects in the humanities, social sciences, economics and law. The Foundation awards scholarships through three types of grant competitions: \u201cmain competitions,\u201d in which grants of up to \u20ac80,000 can be requested, and \u201csimplified competitions,\u201d in which support of up to \u20ac10,000 can be provided. Since 2021, the Foundation has been organising biannual \u201cspecial competitions\u201d (with grants of up to \u20ac300,000), the subject matter of which is determined each time by the Foundation\u2019s governing bodies.\nTo date, the Polish-German Foundation for Science has funded around 450 projects totalling \u20ac11.5 million.\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a57838 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1a57838\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Piotr Szlanta\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c64fe0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8c64fe0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Founded in 1986, the Scientific Centre of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Vienna disseminates the achievements of Polish sciences in Austria and initiates and fosters Polish-Austrian scientific cooperation projects. The Centre has an interdisciplinary profile. However, history has been at the core of its activity for years. Staff at the Scientific Centre of the Polish Academy of Sciences conduct research in line with the institution\u2019s profile. The activities of the Centre include organising international conferences, symposia, panel discussions, lectures and exhibitions on a wide range of topics. The Centre is also active in publishing: it publishes its yearbook and scientific monographs such as conference proceedings. In addition, the Centre cooperates with multiple Austrian and international academic institutions, e.g. the University of Vienna, the Austrian Academy of Sciences, the Vienna Museum of Military History, the Institute for Human Sciences in Vienna or the Institute for the Danube Region and Central Europe. The Centre has a conference venue and guest rooms, which are available to scientists coming to Vienna for their study or library visits. \n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45c0888 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"45c0888\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leonid Chekin\n\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3a5485 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d3a5485\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\nFirst Secretary Gierek, President Carter and the President\u2019s Polish Interpreter: An Analysis of an Embarrassing Cultural Encounter Based on New Archival  Evidence\n\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1def23a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1def23a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">At the welcoming ceremony for President Carter at Warsaw\u2019s Ok\u0119cie Airport on 29th December 1977, the President\u2019s Polish interpreter, Steven Seymour, allegedly made several terrible mistakes. American journalists who did not know Polish learned about these errors from hearsay and supplied their readers with a variety of outrageous versions. These have survived until the present day and have been taken for granted by historians of Carter\u2019s presidency. Generations of professional interpreters forged this episode into a cautionary tale, sometimes embellishing it with their own bias and Schadenfreude.\nI was recently able to request an archival audiotape and a separate silent videotape of the whole episode from the Jimmy Carter Presidential Library. The video shows Seymour sight translating from the text of Carter\u2019s speech, clutching the paper with both hands, and not taking any notes. Still, the audiotape demonstrates that despite occasional Russianisms and some distortions of meaning, Seymour\u2019s interpretation was not entirely outside the range of acceptable for diplomatic settings. The exaggerated criticism that ensued can be explained by a confluence of reasons. First, opposition to the Polish-Soviet alliance had grown by the end of the decade and possibly resulted in low tolerance in Poland for perceived Russianisms. Second, the U.S. press had a field day with what they thought were erotic overtones in Seymour\u2019s interpretation, overtones especially embarrassing for the Southern Baptist President who just the year before had given a controversial interview to Playboy magazine. Third, Seymour\u2019s improvised sight translation compares unfavourably to the solemn confident voice of his Polish colleague, who read the prepared English translation of the statement by PZPR First Secretary Edward Gierek. Overall, the episode is a good testimony to the role of a diplomatic interpreter, i.e. achieving a fleeting moment of fame only when he or she commits an actual or imagined error.\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-01fe7ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"01fe7ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jiri Kubes\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ec6912 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9ec6912\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Imperial Ambassadors to Poland-Lithuania and Their People: Between the Royal Court and Aristocratic Courts in the Second Half of the Seventeenth Century\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5fa394 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d5fa394\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">This paper will be based on research into the missions of imperial ambassadors to Poland-Lithuania in the second half of the seventeenth century. The legations of Count Kollowrat (1658\u201360), Schaffgotsch (1669, 70, 74), Thun (1691), Nostitz (1693) and Czernin (1695) will be compared. The sources show that when appointed ambassadors, the counts significantly transformed their courts. They all had the title of count and were surrounded by a court appropriate to their social status. However, they had to adapt to the fact that they represented the emperor at the highest level and their court had to look \u201cas if\u201d the emperor himself was travelling. Therefore, they had to make sure that they lived like the emperor (they had to have an audience room in the suite) and also that the composition of their servants was similar to that of the emperor\u2019s. As a result, their court underwent a significant transformation. The core consisted of the servants looking after the lord and his family. However, the ambassadors were obliged to take the personnel that the emperor assigned to them for the mission (a legation secretary, legation chaplain). In addition, they also had to create parts of the court typical only of the monarch, so that, for example, they had to be accompanied by a guard, which was certainly not as large as the monarch\u2019s. The ambassador\u2019s court thus became a kind of quasi-ruler\u2019s court, and the early modern nobles thus capitalised on their experience of the ruler\u2019s court and for a limited period of time could themselves \u201cplay\u201d the ruler. For the duration of their mission, they became prot\u00e9g\u00e9s, entitled to honours intended for the monarch, and gained experiences that were not typical of their daily lives. However, they could only experience this where the emperor sent ambassadors (to Venice, Spain, Poland-Lithuania or the Pope) because in most countries the emperor was represented only by envoys, i.e. diplomats of the second order. \n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75deef5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"75deef5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jan Kok\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b5a0c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7b5a0c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Intellectual Roots of Life Cycle Studies and the Practical Use of This Paradigm in Current Historical Demographic Studies<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-abb031a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"abb031a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Florian Znaniecki and William Thomas have become famous as pioneers in the use of life histories in social studies. Their ground-breaking work The Polish Peasant in Europe and America (1918\u20131920) made extensive use of personal letters and they even commissioned an autobiography of a Polish migrant. These life stories allowed them to understand the importance of specific background factors and (family and community) ties in migration and integration in America. The study of standardised biographies is often labelled the life course approach, and Znaniecki and Thomas are often seen as the founding fathers of this influential heuristic tool. In my talk, I will explore how The Polish Peasant\u2026 led to the emergence of the life course approach in social sciences and I will reflect on how this approach has contributed to social and demographic history.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55612f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"55612f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Esther Griffin \u2013 van Orsouw\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d9c2564 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d9c2564\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Marie Casimire de La Grange d\u2019Arquien (1641\u20131716): Networks of Architectural Patronage and Collecting\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-321dadf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"321dadf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">PALAMUSTO is a network of leading European universities and heritage institutions that investigates the palace as a phenomenon of cultural exchange. It supports ten doctoral candidates with their research on different aspects of the palace. Data from their research is combined using GIS, which is expected to generate new questions for a better understanding of the court residence. After an introduction into the digital methods of PALAMUSTO, I will highlight my individual research as part of this project and discuss one of my case studies:\nCountess Ludwika Zamoyska-Poniatowska (1728\u20131804), along with her only child, Urszula Mniszech-Zamoyska (1750\u20131816), who were prominent figures at the court of their brother and uncle, King Stanis\u0142aw II August. Although their influence on the court life and politics of their time has been recognised, little research has been conducted on their architectural endeavours. \nThe object of investigation is the no longer extant Zamoyski Palace on Krakowskie Przedmie\u015bcie street in Warsaw, the modernisation of which was directed by Urszula Mniszech, on behalf of her mother, in the late eighteenth century. A set of drawings prepared for this rebuilding, presently in the collection of the National Museum in Warsaw, along with the palace inventory, will be the focus of the study. The facade designs will be examined, pointing out the need to showcase their public role and secure their status in society, as part of a royal family in times of political upheaval. The distribution and functions of the rooms of the residence will receive close attention, to see how this \u201cfemale\u201d seat was to shape the life of Ludwika in a time of increased demand for separate public and private spheres. The interior decoration will provide some clues as to the influence of European tastes and personal preferences.\nFinally, I will show how this individual case study contributes to the ongoing investigation of cultural interaction and identity building via architecture and objects. \n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-771e26d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"771e26d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pawe\u0142 Ukielski\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a57b5c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a57b5c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Participatory Public in the Warsaw Rising Museum\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4a3a3c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a4a3a3c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">In the presentation, I analyse the role of the public in the Warsaw Rising Museum. The role of an inclusive and participatory institution which was adopted in the museum is presented. Analysis involves the role of the public in the creation process, exhibition as a means of communication and participatory practices implemented in the functioning of the institution. The phenomenon of the Warsaw Rising Museum is a factor that changed the concept of what a museum is in Poland, as well as the public\u2019s expectations towards it. It initiated a \u201cboom\u201d in Polish museology, and this is also analysed. The shift from the visitor-observer to the visitor-participant is key to those changes.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0d9124 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c0d9124\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Iryna Matiash\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-644a4a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"644a4a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Diplomatic Archives as a Cultural Phenomenon: The Polish Segment in the Ukrainian Archives\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f3b0ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5f3b0ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The concept of diplomatic Ukraine appeared at the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of 18th April 1961. According to this act in international practice it is understood as a set of documented information generated from the activities of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and its foreign missions. At the same time, this information is a unique source of the institutional history of diplomacy and international relations and is a cultural phenomenon that requires comprehensive research at global and national levels.\nThe diplomatic archive can be considered a collection of documents of official origin, formed in the activities of the main body in the system of central executive bodies, for the formation and implementation of state policy. Diplomatic service (foreign diplomatic missions, consular posts, permanent missions to international organisations), as well as other state bodies involved in the formation and implementation of state policy in the field of foreign relations and documents, as well as personal documents of diplomatic and consular officers, wives of (men) diplomats who represented Ukraine at different times in foreign countries and foreign representatives who worked in Ukraine. \nThe Polish segment in the Diplomatic Archives of Ukraine is quite powerful. However, it is not sufficiently studied. We see an important role in its implementation in the cooperation of Polish and Ukrainian archival institutions, the creation of a common database of electronic images of documents available to users of different countries. Solving organisational (negotiations, signing agreements) and practical issues on digitisation of archival documents and the formation of a virtual archive and making it available to researchers will safeguard the continuity of work among scientists and students from different countries interested in the history of diplomacy, international relations and Ukrainian-Polish diplomatic contacts.\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d49d21e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d49d21e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Elisabeth Haid-Lener\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50b349e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"50b349e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Managing Diversity at the Local Level. The Implementation of National Personal Autonomy in Kolomyja\u2019s\/Kolomyia\u2019s City Council in 1917\/18\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d28fb99 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d28fb99\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The concept of national personal autonomy was used in the late Habsburg Monarchy as an instrument for resolving national conflicts and was applied in several regional compromises. The Galician Compromise of 1914, for example, included elements of national personal autonomy. But also some new nation states in the aftermath of the First World War found the concept suitable for dealing with their national minorities and consolidating their rule. In Eastern Galicia, the short-lived West Ukrainian People\u2019s Republic promised its Polish, Jewish and German minorities far-reaching autonomy rights and implemented national personal autonomy in the law on parliamentary elections. After the incorporation of the region into the Polish Republic, an autonomy statute for Eastern Galicia was discussed but never implemented. \nHowever, the concept of national personal autonomy was also discussed at the local level. Using the example of the city of Kolomyja\/Kolomyia, I will delineate the ongoing discussions regarding an adequate political representation of the city\u2019s diverse population groups and outline the implementation of national personal autonomy in the composition of the city council \u2013 under Russian occupation in 1917 as well as under Ukrainian rule in 1918. What impact did the concept of national autonomy have on national identifications? Additionally, what factors contributed to the nationalisation of local society during the First World War and the early post-war period? In the framework of the Polish Republic, the experiments with national personal autonomy were not continued. However, national identifications continued to play a role in local politics.\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eda60a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"eda60a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rolf Gehrmann\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-034542b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"034542b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Polish-German Borderlands in Light of Historical Demographic Studies, Eighteenth to the Early Twentieth Century\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2da1a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c2da1a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The subject is qualified by the space and the time considered, as well as by the sources used. Space: The regions treated here are now parts of Poland. Time: Compared to the nineteenth century, where more and better material is available for large parts of Poland, the eighteenth century has been neglected. Sources: Even for that period, aggregated vital statistics of high quality have been preserved, some of them even on a low regional level. They were collected by clergymen under the order and control of the Prussian state. \nThe focus of the paper is to analyse the geographical distribution of demographic features extracted from the statistical material. The sources provide excellent information on mortality on different levels of aggregation, some insight on fertility and nearly none on marriage patterns. That may be an incentive for further research on the local level. Classical questions, such as the dependence of population growth on population density and resources and, in perspective, the transition from a Malthusian to a post-Malthusian regime, provide a larger framework to the subject. \nThe data show that from a demographic point of view the former north-eastern provinces of Prussia were relatively homogenous. There, the variable percentage of the urban population alone explains to a high degree the variations of key values between the sub-regions. For Silesia the material available does not allow for mapping and regression analysis, but the values of infant and child mortality and crude birth and death rates already show that the demographic modes of reproduction were different from the three north-eastern provinces. This makes further comparative research promising, including the question of the demographic impacts of agrarian reforms, which is just one example of a larger subject, where the expertise of historical demography is necessary.\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-532f966 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"532f966\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Anna Kalinowska\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5645de elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d5645de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u201cIt\u2019s no use talking about it; what was never, never will be...?\u201d Noble Society and the European Diplomatic Culture, Sixteenth\u2013Seventeenth Centuries\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41d5a68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"41d5a68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The presentation will discuss the way Polish szlachta\u2019s attitude towards the problem of foreign policy and diplomacy, and changes in the diplomatic practices in Europe in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. As Polish-Lithuanian diplomacy is often presented in historiography as an example of an \u201canomaly\u201d or something peripheral and \u201cunusual\u201d when compared to diplomacies of other states, it is important to look at the reasons why \u2013 and to what extent \u2013 its development was different than in other countries, but also to revisit the long-standing conviction that szlachta was strongly opposed to possible changes in diplomatic practice and to look at the evolution of their attitude and the reasons behind it. \n\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-190534b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"190534b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hieronim Grala\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d8f2ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3d8f2ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Between Ruthenian Tradition and the Practice. The Diplomacy of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in Relations with Muscovy (until the End of the Seventeenth Century)\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e4b5b6e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e4b5b6e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The presentation will focus on the influence of the Polish Crown tradition on the Commonwealth\u2019s diplomatic contacts with Muscovy, which in the Jagiellonian monarchy had remained the domain of the Grand Duchy\u2019s diplomatic service, consistently and successfully using the customs, traditions and language belonging to the cultural legacy of Rus\u2019\/Ruthenia in its contacts with Muscovy. The inclusion of Crown diplomacy in negotiations with the Muscovite State after 1569 resulted in a departure from the said tradition and the progressive occidentalisation of diplomatic practice, as well as the abandonment of an important element \u2013 the Ruthenian language. Abandoning a tried-and-true instrument in dealing with the tsar\u2019s diplomacy, in whose activities time-honoured practices occupied a prominent place (the institution of \u201cstarina\u201d) and the possibility of negotiating in a foreign language was very limited. This relatively quickly undermined the effectiveness of the Commonwealth diplomacy\u2019s activities towards Moscow, especially as it was accompanied by a partial loss of specialised personnel. \n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a06dafd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a06dafd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hacer Topakta\u015f \u00dcst\u00fcner\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-551b4e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"551b4e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How Did the Envoys Carry Cultures? Cultural Encounters between Ottoman and Polish Courts in the Eighteenth Century\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73b314d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"73b314d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ottoman and Polish envoys carried out a mission such as transferring the cultures of their countries to another country, in addition to their political and diplomatic posts between the royal courts of Warsaw and Istanbul. The gifts they brought during their missions and presented to important statesmen, especially the rulers, brought about a form of cultural exchange. Various cultural gifts presented by Ottoman and Polish envoys in the eighteenth century showcased the mutual recognition of both cultures. This paper will focus on how diplomats and diplomatic gifts became a means of cultural promotion and interaction between the two centres of power in the eighteenth century. The argument of the paper is that in the eighteenth century, when communication channels were limited, diplomats were important representatives of cultural encounters and diplomatic gift-giving was an important element of cultural interactions. For example, it can be said that Numan Bey (1777\u20131778), the last Ottoman envoy to Poland, was an important cultural interaction actor and representative, and his embassy was an important example of cultural encounters. This is because he showcased Ottoman culture both with the gifts he presented and the activities he carried out during his residence in Warsaw. On his return, he brought Polish culture to Istanbul with a Polish porcelain dinner set. Again, the Polish envoy Karol Boscamp Lasopolski brought Polish culture to Istanbul with the gifts he brought with him during his service in Istanbul (1776\u20131778). In addition, the furs and caftans presented to him and his legation were taken to Poland and became an opportunity to introduce Ottoman culture to Warsaw.\nIn this context, the paper aims to emphasise the importance of cultural relations and the role of diplomats in cultural encounters during the history of Ottoman-Polish relations. The sources of the paper are Ottoman and Polish archival materials and other relevant literature on this subject. \n\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c8ea0d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6c8ea0d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Katherine Lebow\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fd9c66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6fd9c66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Children of War: Remembering the Eastern Front in Polish Competition Memoirs of the 1930s \n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c5cb35 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c5cb35\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u201cFive million people were involved but not one amongst them has attempted to make their suffering known in newspaper or book form,\u201d wrote a foreign aid worker in Poland in 1919, referring to civilians \u2013 largely poor, illiterate or semi-literate peasants \u2013 who had endured displacement, destruction, and death on the Eastern front. \u201cThey have gone through so much that they cannot even tell it to a sympathetic visitor.\u201d Of course, the \u201cvoiceless suffering\u201d of the war\u2019s civilian victims was \u2013 and is \u2013 a myth. Drawing on memoirs written in the 1930s by those who, as children, lived through the violence of 1914\u201321 in what would become the eastern borderlands of the Second Republic, I ask what their narratives tell us, both about the little-studied civilian experience of war on the Eastern front, and about resilience, agency and counter-heroic visions of wartime suffering.\n\n\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2093bd3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2093bd3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Katherine Lebow\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3a877f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b3a877f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Damaged Body: Disability and Disease in Polish Worker Memoirs of the 1930s<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac501bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ac501bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reminiscing about his childhood in late nineteenth-century Poland, the worker Jakub Wojciechowski described each household in his village and their inhabitants. What strikes the modern reader is how many of his neighbours had some kind of physical or mental disability: a child whose ear had been accidentally burned off; a young man who had suddenly lost his mind; a war invalid; a farmer whose cow had taken out his eye; a deaf person. All but one of the neighbour\u2019s children had died immediately after birth. In short, disability or disease marked nearly a third of the families in Wojciechowski\u2019s neighbourhood.\nWojciechowski\u2019s account, however, is not unique. In the corpus of working-class biographies written in Poland between the two world wars, the damaged body is a common trope \u2013 so common, it seems, to warrant no special comment from Wojciechowski. However, other authors drew explicit connections between physical deprivation and social marginalisation, on the one hand, and bodily deformation, on the other. \nMy paper will explore the body as a site for narrating working-class identity. Drawing on memoirs written by Polish workers in the 1930s for prize competitions such as Memoirs of the Unemployed or Workers Write, I consider how authors present the body \u2013 theirs and those of others \u2013 as a terrain of poverty, power and class conflict. In conclusion, I argue that the working-class body is physically marked by disability and disease in these memoirs much as the peasant body, according to Kacper Pob\u0142ocki, was marked by the lash in folk memory.\n\n\n\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-03efeaf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"03efeaf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ivelin Ivanov\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c99fbec elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c99fbec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Bulgarian Survey on the Polish Question from 1915\u20131916 and the Establishment of Bulgarian-Polish Diplomatic Relations in 1918\u20131921. Historical Background and Cultural Encounters<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c805b3c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c805b3c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The starting date of the establishment of Polish-Bulgarian relations was at the end of 1918, when Dr Tadeusz Grabowski, a university professor, historian of Slavic literature and diplomat, received his appointment as the ambassador of a revived Poland to Sofia on 22nd November 1918. Just after he arrived in Bulgaria in 1915, as head of the Polish press service, which aimed to promote Polish aspirations for independence, Dr Grabowski undertook intensive diplomatic and information activities, which won the support of the Bulgarian political and intellectual elite for the Polish cause.\nThe purpose of the poster is not only to present those first steps in establishing diplomatic Polish-Bulgarian relations, but above all to analyse the role of Polish-Bulgarian cultural contacts as a factor in the revival of Polish-Bulgarian cooperation. The author emphasises Polish-Bulgarian cultural and educational contacts in the nineteenth and early twentieth century, and the individual contributions of famous authors, intellectuals and artists in formulating the image of Poland and Poles in Bulgarian society during the years of the First World War. A vivid expression of these cultural impact and image-building models was \u201cA Survey on the Polish Question,\u201d conducted in Bulgaria in 1915\u20131916.\n\n\n\n\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a6fcf7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7a6fcf7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Glenn Dynner\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bb2cff elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5bb2cff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Destruction and Reconstruction: Hasidism during WWI and Its Aftermath<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d8185f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d8185f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">During the First World War, the Polish Jewish populace was exiled, imprisoned and executed as alleged spies. Tens of thousands of Hasidim and their rebbes were scattered across the region, uprooting the prewar network of Hasidic courts, prayerhouses and schools. Rebbes in Galicia usually sought refuge in Vienna, while rebbes in the Kingdom of Poland gravitated towards cities like Warsaw and \u0141\u00f3d\u017a. In their new, urban surroundings, they kept the light of Hasidism burning throughout the war by delivering discourses that were both uplifting and polemical, e.g. constructing Gentiles and \u201cexternal wisdom\u201d as inherently violent. However, seeds of positive reconstruction were also evident. In the midst of the war, a young Hasidic woman named Sarah Schenirer established the first in what would eventually become an entire network of traditional women\u2019s schools: Bais Yaakov; while the Gerer Rebbe led a political organisation, Aguda, that would enable the construction and reconstruction of hundreds of traditionalist primary schools (hadarim) and Hasidic yeshivas, several of which would earn international acclaim. Although Hasidism had been in decline during the years leading up to the First World War, this paper argues that the war and the post-war pogroms that ensued, proved galvanizing rather than demoralizing, paradoxically paving the way for a Hasidic revival in interwar Poland.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad9ee0b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ad9ee0b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Eric Ketelaar\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a9abc50 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a9abc50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Archives as a Cultural Phenomenon<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a76c067 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a76c067\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Discussing archives as a cultural phenomenon entails viewing archives as epistemological sites rather than sources. In the past two decades, this \u201carchival turn\u201d has been made in many disciplines. Anthropologists, sociologists, psychologists, philosophers, cultural and literary theorists, and artists have developed various \u201carchiviologies.\u201d Historians, however, by and large held to the primacy of documents as historical sources, maintaining the tenet \u201cNo documents, no history,\u201d which was proclaimed 125 years ago, in 1897, by the French archivist Langlois and historian Seignobos, and adopted in Poland in 1912. But understanding archives as a cultural, social and political phenomenon entails shifting the attention from the actual archival document to its contextual history, a history encompassing the why, who, what and how of archiving, all determined by societal challenges and technologies. Such an approach will yield new insights, for example, in the agency of archivers and (digital) devices, and in the structure and incompleteness of archives. To what extent are these insights of value in cultural encounters on a global scale? \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6b25e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d6b25e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gennadii Korolov<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d01f2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3d01f2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Polish Federalist Ideas between Utopia and Realpolitik: Ideological Patterns, Geopolitical Traps, Nationalist Entanglements (1863\u20131923)<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fbc1247 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fbc1247\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The paper deals with the entangled history of Polish federalist ideas, which have evolved from an ideological utopia to a broadly defined tool of Realpolitik. In this respect, the main questions sound as follows: why were the Polish federalist projects not acknowledged and, in many cases, rejected by representatives of the Ukrainian, Belarusian and Lithuanian national movements? Were these federalist ideas fashionable slogans or serious political endeavours? \nAfter the January Uprising of 1863, Polish federalist ideas were inspired by the American model of federalism and the tradition of so-called \u201cGreat Emigration.\u201d The defeat of the Uprising had placed geopolitics at the core of the development of the federalist idea in Polish political thought, especially in the context of ascertaining the geopolitical position \u201cbetween Germany and Russia.\u201d This model of situating Polish lands on the European map also determined the extensive circulation of federalist ideas among various political camps. After the outbreak of WWI, the idea of federalism\/federation\/confederation became an important element of political rhetoric. Subsequently, federalist ideas turned into the ideological slogans of socialist circles and the National Democrats. Both political forces had used federalism merely as an instrument of Realpolitik and under the influence of specific political circumstances, without thinking about its implementation as a form of political structure. In this respect, the federalist idea connected itself to the territorial and geopolitical aspirations of Polish elites, and was considered a doctrine for strengthening the Polish national state. \nThe tradition of Polish historiography on the two influential political doctrines \u2013 \u201cfederative\u201d and \u201cincorporative\u201d \u2013 is questionable. This division needs to be revised. First, however, one needs to clarify the ideological motives of Pi\u0142sudski\u2019s camp and the national democrats and analyse their its Realpolitik pursuits after WWI.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-905a6ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"905a6ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dieter Schlenker<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8392544 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8392544\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">European Integration as a Cultural Phenomenon. The Role of Archives<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ae4258 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5ae4258\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">European integration is usually considered a foremost economic project. The European Coal and Steel Community created with the Paris Treaty of 1951, the European Atomic Energy Community and the European Economic Community, both established with the Rome Treaties of 1957, paved the way for the European single market and became direct forerunners of today\u2019s European Union. Behind these projects we see, at first sight, the will for economic cooperation. However, the vision of European unity in post-War Western Europe went far beyond that, i.e. towards a holistic project of an \u201cever closer union.\u201d The core economic cooperation was embedded in a net of policies and initiatives that covered numerous sectors of human interaction and made the European Union a unique cultural phenomenon.\nArchives safeguard the memory of this multi-faceted project and preserve the numerous initiatives on European unity. A central role is played by the Historical Archives of the European Union in Florence, which preserves and makes accessible the writings of EU institutions, bodies and agencies. Its collections also embrace numerous private archives from a diverse and rich set of organisations and individuals that played an active role in European integration. European integration is passed down as a cultural phenomenon comprising economic organisations, such as the European Free Trade Association, social associations such as the European Consumer Organisation BEUC, educational federations such as the Committee of Rectors of European Universities and cultural associations, i.e. the European Society of Culture.\nThis paper analyses European integration as a cultural phenomenon documented in the diverse holdings of the Historical Archives of the European Union and other relevant archives. The article offers an insight into the role archives play in preserving and transferring the knowledge and living memory of multi-faceted European integration.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc314c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cc314c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Myroslav Voloshchuk\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9773fb3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9773fb3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cultural Encounters: Ruthenians in the Service of the Piast Dynasty in the Fourteenth Century<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfeb419 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dfeb419\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The search for Ruthenians in the service of the Piasts in the lands that were not in the possession of the Polish rulers proves to be difficult. We can hardly find anyone identifying as Ruthenus in the close surroundings of the Piasts before the capture of Lviv by Casimir III in 1340 and 1349 and the wars of the Polish king waged against the Gediminids for the inheritance of the Romanids\u2019 state in the 1350\u201360s. Yet, they still may have existed. For example, the use of absolutely atypical names by certain representatives of the Polish elites can be considered evidence of their Ruthenian extraction. Vasily (succamerarius, castellanus), mentioned during 1295\u20131338 in the surrounding of Boles\u0142aw II, Duke of Masovia and Czersk, as well as his son Trojden, are a case in point. The mention of Johannes de Ladimiria in the service of Henry VI the Good, found in sources between 1320\u20131349, is of particular interest too.\nThe situation is quite different with the Ruthenians in the royal possessions (the crown land) of Kings W\u0142adys\u0142aw \u0141okietek and Casimir III. It is quite obvious that the latter was surrounded by a group of people with characteristic Ruthenian identities. Petrus Ruthenus dictus Yuanovicz, Juon dictus Loy Ruthenus (Iwanus dictus Loy de Skarzeszow), Jwon Ruthenus dictus War, Chodco, Petrus et Ostachco Ruthenos, Dimitrus de Russia, vicethesaurarius, regni Poloniae marschalcus are some of the most eminent figures to have appeared by his side in the 1450s\u20131460s. Moreover, it seems possible to identify several people according to place of origin, possible place of residence and their landed estate: Wolczko de Drohovicz, Chodko Mathuteiowicz de Chlopczyce, Chotko de Byblo and his sons; by characteristic names and place of residence (or their landed estate): Vacho(n) Thepthuch, Dimitrius filius Matphei dicti Kaldoffowicz, Gleb Diuorskowicz Sluneczco de Rosbora and his descendants Jacko dictus Sloneczko and Kostko Sloneczkouicz.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9959e25 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9959e25\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jitka Komendova\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a0dee2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4a0dee2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Depictions of Neighbours in the Historical Writings in Poland and Rus\u2019 in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a8d1ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5a8d1ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The study aims to define the function of the image of neighbouring nations in Polish and Eastern Slavonic historiography in the context of medieval historiography.\nPoland was linked to Rus\u2019 by the fact that both territories were \u201cfrontier societies.\u201d Therefore, the literature of these two countries also reflects religiously and culturally different communities. \nA comparison of the image of neighbouring ethnicities in Polish and East Slavonic historiography shows that the definition of \u201cus\u201d vs \u201cthe alien world\u201d is much sharper in the earliest chronicles of medieval Rus\u2019 than in Poland. The reason for that can be the fact that different categories of \u201cthe other\u201d were overlapping in Eastern Europe. The boundaries between the world that is ethnically, politically, religiously and linguistically akin to the East Slavonic chroniclers (an identity expressed in the chronicles by the term \u201cChristians\u201d) and the world of \u201cthe other\u201d are therefore much sharper. On the other hand, Latin-speaking intellectuals, in addition to their ethno-political identity, had a very strong identity both within the Catholic Church and within the \u201cres publica litteratum,\u201d which allowed them to feel part of a community that transcended national and linguistic boundaries.\nThe difference in the image of the neighbouring ethnic groups is also conditioned by the function of specific historical works, since East Slavonic chronicling also incorporates functions that were fulfilled by different genres in contemporary Latin writing. A comparison of the earliest historiography of medieval Poland and Rus\u2019 demonstrates that despite a number of connections in various spheres of social life, the literature of both countries shows only partial analogies, and it does not bear any traces of cross-cultural dialogue or elements of convergence between the two literary systems.\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7df3674 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7df3674\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Peter Ori<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b776b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3b776b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Common Experiences of Hungarian and Polish Historical Demography with Regard to Studying Multi-Ethnic and Multi-Confessional Populations<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4cd895f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4cd895f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The family reconstitution method dominated historical demographic research from the end of the 1950s up to the 1990s. The use of this method secured considerable results; first of all, it meant a great step forward in uncovering the timing and geography of fertility transition. But the shortcomings of the method have also become evident: it was a descriptive model and it was useful for studying fertility changes. The following type of analysis becomes increasingly important: the exploration of individual-level, longitudinal demographic data where the effects of stable and changing conditions such as religion, ethnicity, place of residence and social status, on the one hand, and age, family composition, profession, previous demographic events in the family, on the other, can be studied and tested statistically. Event history analysis has become increasingly common in social sciences, and it also offers possibilities for researchers of the demographic past. The presentation demonstrates some of these advantages by using the example of Hungarian research on historical demography. It shows how the use of the new method helps to resolve previous research questions concerning fertility transition and how it helps to create a more intelligible model of demographic development over the last two and a half centuries. \n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cba2782 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cba2782\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Daniel Bagi<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-432c311 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"432c311\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Poles and Ruthenians in the Rhyming Chronicle of Ottokar of Styria<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e3cd85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2e3cd85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The so-called Styrian Chronicle written by Ottokar of the Gaal (around 1308\u20131319) is one of the most important German written sources on the history of East-Central Europe at the turn of the thirteenth and fourteenth century. \nThe text presents a wealth of data on the relationship between Bohemia, Poland, Austria, Hungary and even Galicia\u2013Volhynia. The present paper provides an overview of the data extracted from the chronicle regarding Poles and Ruthenians and, in a wider sense, East-European issues. \n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b19fcfc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b19fcfc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Andrii Stasiuk, Simon Manmenvall<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b56c80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2b56c80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Polish Franciscan Brothers in Rus\u2019 from the Fourteenth to Mid-Fifteenth Century. A Prosopographical Outline<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ec89ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5ec89ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Franciscan missions in Rus\u2019 between the thirteenth and the first half of the fourteenth centuries, unlike the Dominican missions of this period, have recently been on the periphery of historical research. The first missions of Franciscan friars in Rus\u2019 date back to the 1330s and 1340s. Their main route to the principalities of Rus\u2019 lay through the Franciscans\u2019 province of Bohemia and Poland. Fragmentary sources allow for the assumption that the first Franciscan missionaries in Rus\u2019 were mostly Catholic Slavs, mainly Poles. This can be explained by the active dynastic contacts between the Rurikids and the Piasts. The lands of Galicia-Volhynia played a particular role in the Franciscans\u2019 missions to the East. From the middle of the thirteenth to the first third of the fourteenth century, the followers of St. Francis managed to spread their influence there. The activities of the Polish Franciscans are well illustrated through the prism of personal contacts with the local nobility, including the presence of the Franciscan Benedict of Poland at the embassy of Giovanni da Pian del Carpine; the decision of St. Salomea, the Queen of Halych, and Svyatoslava Lvovna, daughter of Leo of Halych, to join the Order of Poor Ladies; and direct mentions of the Franciscans in the Galician-Volhynian Chronicle, etc. \nThe verification and identification of numerous Ruthenian Minor martyrs require separate consideration. Natives of Poland are most often mentioned as martyrs. By the end of the first third of the fourteenth century, the Franciscans\u2019 presence in the Romanovichi\u2019s possessions\/crowned lands had increased, which served as a prerequisite for the foundation of first permanent Franciscan friaries\/convents in Rus\u2019. Since eight people were the minimum number of brothers required for the functioning of a convent\/friary (which was not always a dogma for missionary territories), it can be assumed that during that period the minimum number of the Franciscans in the lands of Rus\u2019 was no less than 24 brothers.\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2e56df elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e2e56df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vasil Varonin<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e32c2a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e32c2a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0160vitrigaila, the \u201cLyakh gordyi\u201d: The Defection of the Lithuanian Duke to Muscovy in 1408 and the Emergence of National Stereotypes in North-East Rus\u2019 in the Fifteenth Century<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-424c9f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"424c9f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">In Muscovite Rus\u2019, and then in the Russian Empire, the stereotype of the Pole as a proud, arrogant person became widespread. One such episode gives a good idea of how and why such ethnic stereotypes would emerge in that era. Russian annals contain a rather detailed description of \u0160vitrigaila\/\u015awidrygie\u0142\u0142o Olgierdowic\u2019s one-and-a-half-year stay in Moscow, where he had escaped from Bryansk in the summer of 1408. Indeed, it was an extraordinary event. Suffice it to say that \u0160vitrigaila\/\u015awidrygie\u0142\u0142o was presented with the city of Vladimir \u2013 the nominal capital of the Grand Duchy of Muscovy \u2013 by the Moscow sovereign. Among other things, the chronicler called him a proud Pole (a \u201cproud Lyakh\u201d). At first glance, this looks rather strange because \u0160vitrigaila\/\u015awidrygie\u0142\u0142o was the son of a Lithuanian duke and a Ruthenian princess. Everything indicates that he was considered a Lyakh not because of his ethnic origin but his confession. Therefore, this term could denote a Catholic. In his depiction of \u0160vitrigaila\/\u015awidrygie\u0142\u0142o and his behaviour, the chronicler noted that he did not want to visit the main Orthodox church of Vladimir \u2013 the Holy Virgin Cathedral. In this regard, the source connects \u0160vitrigaila\/\u015awidrygie\u0142\u0142o\u2019s unwillingness to bow to Orthodox shrines with his Catholic faith. It was for this reason, and not for the traits of his character, that the chronicler called him a \u201cproud Pole.\u201d Paradoxically, this Pole was a Lithuanian duke. We would like to point out that \u0160vitrigaila\/\u015awidrygie\u0142\u0142o\u2019s close circles, with the absolute dominance of Orthodox Christians in their ranks, were also called \u201cthe Poles.\u201d Thus, people who came from a country with another dominant confession would also become Catholics \u2013 even if they were really Orthodox.\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d9812e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d9812e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yanina Ryier<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44c79a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"44c79a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Polish Captives in Rus\u2019 and Lithuania in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d55300 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1d55300\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The presence of Polish captives in Rus\u2019 and Lithuania from the thirteenth to the first half of the fourteenth century seems to be a relevant yet understudied issue. The paper will present two thematic blocks: Polish prisoners in Rus\u2019 (first of all, in Galician and Volhynian principalities in the thirteenth century) and Polish captives in Lithuania from the mid-thirteenth to the first half of the fourteenth century.\nThe fragmented nature of narrative sources complicates the study of this issue. Ruthenian annals (most notably the Galician-Volhynian Chronicle) are vital for the analysis of the presence of Polish captives in Rus\u2019. The study of Polish prisoners in Lithuania can be based on the data from Polish and Teutonic chronicles (predominantly, the Chronicon terrae Prussiae by Peter of Dusburg). Agreements concluded by the representatives of ruling families should also be considered. These include treaties signed during or after military campaigns (e.g. the treaty of 1229, which stipulated that Polish dukes and Volhynian princes keep peace and not to take captives) and marriage agreements. The most striking example of the latter is the marriage agreement between Prince Casimir, son of King W\u0142adys\u0142aw \u0141okietek of Poland, and Princess Anna, daughter of Grand Duke Gediminas of Lithuania, in 1325, enshrined by the release of all Polish prisoners who had been captured by the Lithuanians up to that time. \nThe study of this problem includes the following research items: the dynamics of Ruthenian and Lithuanian attacks accompanied by the taking of Polish prisoners; the scale of such captures; the identification of the main categories of prisoners according to their social and gender classification; the release of Polish prisoners, its frequency and conditions of release; the level of the captives\u2019 social integration and influence on Ruthenian and Lithuanian culture and society. \n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3fb68b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d3fb68b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vitaliy Nagirnyy<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a5b683 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1a5b683\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Poles in Rus\u2019 in the Eleventh\u2013Thirteenth Centuries: Selected Research Problems<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2058e91 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2058e91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Relations between Poland and Rus\u2019 between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries and their political, dynastic, military or cultural ramifications have been described in great detail. At the same time, liaisons between the states of the Piasts and the Rurikids and their political and military (and non-ruling) elites are yet to be investigated. This is due to the nature of the extant sources and low interest from researchers. In the paper, I will try to fill this gap and focus on the presence of Polish natives in the service of Ruthenian rulers.\nDespite the scarcity of sources, several groups of people of Polish origin in the courts of the Rurikids can be distinguished. The first group comprises figures of undoubtedly Polish origin. Piotr Vlostovich (the early 1120s) is the most striking example as a representative of the Polish elite in the service of the Rurikids. This group also includes the unnamed \u201cLyachs\u201d who served the Ruthenian princes. The next group consists of the personalities designated by \u201c\u041b\u0467\u0445\u201d or by the nicknames originating from this ethnonym (\u201c\u041b\u0467\u0448\u044c\u043a\u043e,\u201d \u201c\u041b\u0467\u0445\u0454\u0446\u201d etc.), e.g. Lyashko (1115), Lyashko (the 1140s\u20131160s.), Volodyslav Lyach (the 1160\u20131170s.), Lyach (the 1160\u20131190s), Lyachiec Starincev (the 1210\u20131220s.), Lyach (the 1280\u20131290s). It is highly probable that these nicknames indicate the Polish origin of their bearers. Another group is represented by individuals who are not named \u201cLyachs\u201d but whose names or patronyms suggest their possible Polish origin or origin from mixed Ruthenian-and-Polish marriages. Izbignev Ivachevich (1150s) is a case in point.\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-990ff52 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"990ff52\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nevyan Mitev<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd8186a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dd8186a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Coins of Stephen B\u00e1thory (1576\u20131586) from the Bulgarian Lands<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-501d387 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"501d387\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The coins of King Stephen B\u00e1thory of Poland (1576\u20131586) were one of the most numerous foreign emissions to be found in the Ottoman Empire. They were part of the coin circulation in the Bulgarian lands in the second half of the sixteenth century. The specimens of B\u00e1thory were preferred emissions for treasuring, which is why they are often present in the coin hoards from that time. The aim of this study is to show different coins minted by King Stephen B\u00e1thory that still can be found in the Bulgarian lands. \nTo date, only one gold coin has been registered: a ducat minted in Gda\u0144sk in 1583. The specimen is kept in the National Museum of History in Sofia. Most plausibly, it entered the Bulgarian lands through \u201cthe territories south of the Danube, through the Habsburg possessions, in the composition of sums of money containing Hungarian gold coins, to which they were equated by value.\u201d\nAs opposed to gold issues, silver coins are often found in the Bulgarian lands. The most common are the coins with a nominal value of 3 groschen, but a quarter of thalers, szel\u0105gs and others can also be found. The specimens of King Stephen B\u00e1thory became so widespread that they were part of the coin hoards in the subsequent centuries. \nThe coins of Stephen B\u00e1thory were found throughout Bulgaria. Therefore, it can be assumed that they were distributed evenly in this area. Traditionally, B\u00e1thory\u2019s specimens are found in the coin hoards along with issues of King Sigismund III Vasa, but they are significantly inferior in quantity. In fact, the coins of Stephen B\u00e1thory are the second most common Polish-Lithuanian issues in the Bulgarian lands during the Ottoman period.\n\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c900920 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c900920\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Allison Rodriguez<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ad72e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2ad72e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pieron and Kocynder, Upper Silesian Fools: Depictions of Germans and Poles in Satirical Magazines during the Plebiscite Period\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e6d98c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6e6d98c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">In June 1919, the Treaty of Versailles stipulated that a plebiscite would be held to determine if Upper Silesia \u2013 and its large coal mines \u2013 would belong to the reorganised Germany or reconstituted Poland. The date of the plebiscite was eventually set for 20th March 1921, and in the intervening years the nascent German and Polish governments inundated the region with various forms of propaganda, calling on Upper Silesians to \u201cstay with Germany\u201d or \u201cbecome Polish.\u201d For both, the plebiscite propaganda provided a laboratory of sorts, a new arena in which German and Polish nationalists could experiment with and redefine perceptions of themselves and each other. This paper will examine one specific aspect of the propaganda, which has largely been overlooked in the historiography \u2013 satirical magazines. Appearing within weeks of each other in the summer of 1920, both the German Pieron and the Polish Kocynder couched their sharp critiques of the other in humour; subtlety had no place in either. In addition to addressing a host of issues \u2013 historical grievances, economic arguments \u2013 both magazines depicted the other in the harshest and starkest terms. Germans were warmongering Prussians or capitalist fat cats; Poles were drunken and destitute. While taken to extremes, we can see how Germans and Poles were attempting to create a new image of themselves, set against the other. These depictions were also highly gendered. While women appeared uniformly as mothers, Pieron and Kocynder differed on what exactly constituted the masculine ideal. I argue that these under-examined magazines provide a unique insight into how German and Polish nationalists defined themselves and each other, presenting these depictions to a notoriously nationally ambivalent people.\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-628d0dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"628d0dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Dariusz Stola<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-726c08f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"726c08f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Challenges of Polish Migration Policies, 1945 to the Present: From Outmigration to Immigration Control\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d52640c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d52640c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Since 1945, Poland has undergone a series of major shifts in its policies on transnational migration, which followed radical changes of its territory, political regime, economy and demography, as well as dramatic events abroad. In the early post-war years, it organised multi-million population transfers, both from and to its newly redrawn territory. Soon afterwards, from the late 1940s to the mid-1950s, its communist government reduced migration to the lowest levels in known history. Between 1956 and 1989, Polish communists pursued a policy of selective restrictions, allowing for limited streams of ethnic outmigration, as well as for the substantial expansion of short-term mobility, primarily within the Soviet bloc, and temporary labour migrations. By 1989, almost all the restrictions on transnational mobility were abolished. The post-1989 Poland made efforts to facilitate labour migration among Poles and to manage the inflow of foreigners, which has expanded in the last decade, making Poland the leading importer of labour in the EU. This year, Poland has faced two major migration-related challenges: the inflow of refugees across the border with Belarus, and the inflow of war refugees from Ukraine after Russian aggression. The Polish government responded to both in opposing ways: pushing back, illegally and cruelly, thousands of migrants into Belarus, while generously admitting millions of Ukrainians. This paper will present the key dilemmas of the policies in each of these stages.\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d0732e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5d0732e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Patricia Garc\u00eda-Mont\u00f3n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-366f1dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"366f1dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Small World. Art Historians\u2019 Networks across the Iron Curtain: Francoist Spain and the Polish People\u2019s Republic within the Framework of CIHA<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b879010 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b879010\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u201cBack in Poland I remember the days I spent in Granada,\u201d wrote the art historian Jan Bia\u0142ostocki to Xavier de Salas Bosch, Director of the Prado Museum, on 19th September 1973, after the 23rd International Congress of Art History. \u201cThe monuments of Spanish art and the artistic attractions of the congress will remain in our memory for a long time.\u201d Since the early post-war years, the Comit\u00e9 International d\u2019Histoire de l\u2019Art (CIHA) allowed exchanges between scholars from Eastern and Western blocs thanks to its congresses and other scientific meetings. However, apart from their CIHA membership, Polish and Spanish scholars had much more in common. They internationalised their careers in the same western scientific centres; participated in the same international research projects; organised exhibitions together. The aim of this paper is to delve into the contacts, entanglements and transfers between art historians from Francoist Spain and the Polish People\u2019s Republic, countries with ideologically opposed regimes, even if the promotion mechanisms across the Art History field were not so different.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e56b4d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6e56b4d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Alexandr Holovko<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-466ebb0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"466ebb0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Poland and the Poles in the Eyes of the Inhabitants of Rus\u2019 (from the Eleventh Century to the First Half of the Thirteenth Century)<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7de3720 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7de3720\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">During the High Middle Ages, the inhabitants of Rus\u2019 and Poland were in a system of close economic, political and cultural ties. In order to understand the mechanism of interaction of these ethno-political communities, it is important to consider the issue of the perception of neighbours \u2013 the Poles and Poland \u2013 by the inhabitants of Rus\u2019. Many factors influenced the formation and development of these ideas. The positive points were their common Slavic origin, affinity of culture and economy, as well as similarity of the languages. The religious factor was an important aspect in this interaction too. From the eleventh to the first half of the thirteenth century, there were no periods of prolonged confrontation between Rus\u2019 and Poland. Among the significant complications, one can mention only the conflicts at the beginning of the eleventh century and the period of the expansion of the principality of Krak\u00f3w and Sandomierz in Rus\u2019 in the first decades of the thirteenth century (for example, clashes between Kyivans and Poles in Kyiv in September 1018). At the same time, Duke Boles\u0142aw I the Brave led a group of Ruthenian elites to Poland, part of which had left Rus\u2019 involuntarily. In the text of the Paterik of the Kyivan Caves Monastery, one can find information on the presence of natives from Rus\u2019 and Poland in the establishment. It is obvious that the so-called schism of the churches in 1054 did not have a negative impact on the attitudes of Ruthenian intellectuals towards Poland. During the period of the feudal wars of the second half of the eleventh-twelfth century as well as in the first half of the thirteenth century, there was no ethnic confrontation between Ruthenians and Poles. In this regard, the chronicle story about the campaign of Prince Danylo Romanovych to Kalisz in 1229 picturesquely illustrates the character of these relations. The papal letters, aimed at inciting a religious confrontation between Ruthenians and Poles, did not have any negative consequences on the relations between the representatives of these two Slavic nationalities.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-faa1d4f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"faa1d4f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ramun\u0117 \u0160migelskyt\u0117-Stukien\u0117<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bfe2d16 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bfe2d16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cultural Values in the Family of Kazimierz Konstanty Plater, Vice-Chancellor of Lithuania<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f98110a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f98110a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The aim of the paper is to present the noblewoman of Lithuania and Livonia, Countess Izabela Ludwika Borch Plater, wife of Livonian elder Kazimierz Konstanty Plater, as a woman of the Age of Enlightenment who transcended the boundaries of the private home space through her cultural activities. Based on the analysis of the sources kept at the Plater family archive, the biography of Izabela Ludwika will be expanded by new data revealing her pedagogical talent and presenting the countess\u2019s cultural domain and the individuals who acted in it.\nThe bonds of partnership, love and respect that linked the spouses in the Plater family opened up broad opportunities for the countess\u2019s creative pursuits. An active and educated woman of the Enlightenment, she managed to transcend the boundaries of the home space and dedicated a great share of her time to activities important for society; she initiated and edited a special publication for children called Przyjaciel dzieci, which required intensive daily work of 6\u20138 hours. Countess Plater consulted doctors and scientists on the questions of the translation of children\u2019s periodicals from German, so as to present the latest scientific information in a form accessible to children. The cultural milieu of Izabela Ludwika Borch Plater included accomplished priests, scientists and publicists of that time: Bishop J\u00f3zef Kazimierz Kossakowski, philosopher Kazimierz Narbutt, King Stanislaw August\u2019s court artist and poet Antoni Albertrandi, his cousin, ex-Jesuit Jan Albertrandi, Lady Louise d\u2019Aloy, daughter of the resident of Courland, Jan Baptist d\u2019Aloe and others.\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9081aa0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9081aa0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stefan Szewczuk<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47e65dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"47e65dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">From Poland via Siberia to South Africa: The Involuntary Migration of Polish Siberian Deportee Refugees to South Africa with a Focus on the History of the Polish Children of Oudtshoorn<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a26632 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5a26632\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Polish presence in South Africa dates to the late 1400s as part of Portuguese voyages of discovery to India. Thereafter, Polish missionaries, merchants and traders, adventurers and seamen sailed from Europe around the Cape of Good Hope to India and the Far East. In 1652, the Dutch East India Company (VOC) established a re-supply port in Cape Town. Poles employed by the VOC settled in the Cape colony and assimilated into the emerging Afrikaner (Boer) community; they put down Polish roots an left Polish traces.\nEmigration from the 2nd Polish Republic (1918\u20131939) to South Africa consisted mostly of Polish Jews. These Polish Jews actively took part in South African economic, social and cultural life and became well known businessmen, tradesmen, inventors and civil servants.\nThe core of the current Polish community in South Africa finds it roots in the cataclysm of WWII. It may not be immediately obvious, but Poles have made their presence felt and have left their traces not only in South Africa but in Africa at large. The Polish Children of Oudtshoorn, together with other deportees from other refugee camps in East and Southern Africa, including other WWII refugees, went on to form the current core of the Polish community in South Africa. After WWII, after demobilisation, a number of Polish military personnel settled in South Africa. Those military personnel who married deportees went on to be active in the Polish community. \n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a260e61 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a260e61\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Miko\u0142aj Szo\u0142tysek<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-352cf51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"352cf51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u201cMissing Girls\u201d in Interwar Poland: Child Sex Ratios and Their Correlates across Multiple Borderlands<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-819f7a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"819f7a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sex ratios during infancy and childhood, and their spatial distribution across interwar Poland (1918-1939), seem to contradict most of the common explanations that associate high masculinisation of offspring with patriarchal cultural biases, limited female labour opportunities and socio-economic backwardness. The proportion of boys to girls in the Polesie province to the east of the country, considered a reservoir of the most archaic forms of peasant agrarian economy and culture (including extreme forms of patriarchy), was on a similar level as child sex ratios in heavily industrialised Upper Silesia. In order to understand this conundrum, we dwell on a multivariate analysis of the 1931 national population census, from which a set of variables describing demographic and socioeconomic conditions, cultural diversity and standards of living are derived for nearly 300 districts of the country. Our main working hypothesis is that the peculiar spatial distribution of child sex ratios across the Republic of Poland can only be comprehended by carefully disentangling the combined effects of regional infant mortality cultures, potential census misreporting and the role of complex family structures.\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e44b67b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e44b67b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stephanie Weismann<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-43678c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"43678c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u201cThe working class smells.\u201d Ruminations on Olfactory Impropriety<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67af30e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"67af30e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">George Orwell argued that \u201c[the] real secret of class distinction in the West [\u2026] is summed up in four frightful words [\u2026].The lower classes smell.\u201d [The Road to Wigan Pier, 1937]\nIndeed, working class areas and their bodies were continuously represented as not only noisy and greasy, but mostly stinking and aesthetically unpleasing. Whether in factory inspection reports, government documents, journalistic accounts, oral history or novels \u2013 the working class always reeks.\nThus, class difference has been something that was physically experienced, and odour a potent symbolic means of categorizing different groups, creating and enforcing class boundaries. Hence, the subaltern status always has a sensory notion.\nIt was primarily the sense of smell which enraged social reformers, since smell had a pervasive and invisible presence difficult to regulate. Odours are ephemeral, affective and emotive. Thus, the transitive and subversive character of smells came to symbolise not only the moral inferiority of the other, but also the ability of the other to disrupt one\u2019s own order. The transgressive (body) odours of the working class would not only be perceived as unpleasant, but also contaminating bourgeois space. Thus, many of the efforts to regulate or reform working-class lives can be subsumed as \u201csensory control.\u201d\nThis paper aims at contributing, with a panorama of insights and reflections, on defining the borders of class via smell (based on studies about England and America in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century), and discussing it in the context of the Polish working-class culture of the twentieth century.\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17faf1d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"17faf1d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jesse Kauffman<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd52742 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cd52742\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Civilians in the Galician Theatre of War, 1914\u20131923<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ac7c40 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8ac7c40\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Drawing on research I completed for my current book project (Blood-Dimmed Tide: Central Europe\u2019s Long Great War, 1905\u20131921), this paper will propose that a specifically Galician theatre of war existed, and that its distinctive characteristics are lost when its war years are anachronistically subsumed into the various national histories written afterward. Perhaps chief among these characteristics is the degree to which civilians were at the centre of many wartime policies, events and forces, oftentimes deliberately so. At the very outset of the war, for example, the Austro-Hungarian government targeted Ukrainian-speaking Galicians with a variety of repressive measures, including mass arrest, imprisonment in camps and even execution, due to the state\u2019s suspicion that these loyal subjects were aiding the Russians. In addition, Polish primary sources make it abundantly clear that the Ukrainians\u2019 fellow Galician subjects, the Poles, actively participated in identifying potential \u201cspies\u201d for the authorities, and frequently harassed and assaulted suspected spies as they were marched through the streets to their fate. Civilians were also central to the state-building mission pursued by the Russian authorities when they conquered Galicia at the beginning of the war, since they supported the activities of Ukrainians deemed sufficiently loyal to Russia. Finally, all sides, including the occupying (and even \u201cfriendly\u201d) armies, targeted the Jews with harassment and assault. All of this affected the establishment of the post-war Polish state because it created a deep reservoir of fear, resentment and mistrust that helped fuel the fractious nationality politics of the Second Republic.Indeed, working class areas and their bodies were continuously represented as not only noisy and greasy, but mostly stinking and aesthetically unpleasing. Whether in factory inspection reports, government documents, journalistic accounts, oral history or novels \u2013 the working class always reeks.\nThus, class difference has been something that was physically experienced, and odour a potent symbolic means of categorizing different groups, creating and enforcing class boundaries. Hence, the subaltern status always has a sensory notion.\nIt was primarily the sense of smell which enraged social reformers, since smell had a pervasive and invisible presence difficult to regulate. Odours are ephemeral, affective and emotive. Thus, the transitive and subversive character of smells came to symbolise not only the moral inferiority of the other, but also the ability of the other to disrupt one\u2019s own order. The transgressive (body) odours of the working class would not only be perceived as unpleasant, but also contaminating bourgeois space. Thus, many of the efforts to regulate or reform working-class lives can be subsumed as \u201csensory control.\u201d\nThis paper aims at contributing, with a panorama of insights and reflections, on defining the borders of class via smell (based on studies about England and America in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century), and discussing it in the context of the Polish working-class culture of the twentieth century.\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-06f62d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"06f62d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bela Kapossy<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2e4930 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b2e4930\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vattel, Br\u00fchl and the Establishment of Polish-Swiss Intellectual Networks during the Seven Years\u2019 War<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6ee951 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b6ee951\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">This paper will re-examine the eighteenth-century connection between Poland and Switzerland in light of the recent historiographical reappraisal of the importance of the Seven Years\u2019 War in the evolution of European political and economic thought. The victory of the British over the French was not only a major military and political event, but also an impulse to re-think the modern, mixed economy; the role of the state in promoting its stable development; and the viability of peace between states locked in commercial cooperation and competition. In the aftermath of that war, there appeared a Europe-wide renewal of interest in questions related to food stability, supply chains, agricultural techniques and managing the unequal relationship between town and country, which foreshadowed the subsequent emergence of Physiocracy. Among the thinkers and practitioners of statecraft who were the most attuned to these questions, a special place needs to be accorded to Emer de Vattel, often called the \u201cfather of modern international law.\u201d Vattel, a Swiss born in Neuch\u00e2tel who developed extensive links in Bern, found employment at the Saxon-Polish court and spent the final years of the Seven Years\u2019 War in Warsaw. There, he came into contact with a number of reform-minded individuals such as Katarzyna Mniszech and Feliks \u0141oyko, who would advise King Stanis\u0142aw August Poniatowski in the early phase of his reign (1764\u20131768). In this paper, we shall consider the broader implications and questions raised by these developments and place them in the context of thinking about peace, economic reform and international cooperation and competition during and after the Seven Years\u2019 War. We will look at who the Swiss invited to Poland were, as well as their networks and intellectual involvements. <\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-662c454 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"662c454\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Radoslaw Szymanski<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-894719a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"894719a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bertrand, the Mniszechs and the Political Economy of Agrarian Republics<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c99ed67 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c99ed67\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">In this paper we will look at one singular project of political and economic reform, developed in a crucial period in the history of modern European political thought with the express purpose of addressing the challenges faced by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The project was elaborated between 1763 and 1768 by Micha\u0142 Mniszech, a cousin of the soon-to-be king Stanis\u0142aw (August) Poniatowski and his Swiss tutor \u00c9lie Bertrand, a pastor, natural historian and burgeoning political economist. Bertrand was appointed as the minister of industry by the king shortly after they met; his pupil Mniszech would subsequently became a close collaborator of the king and the Commissioner of Police. The primary interest of this ambitious, mostly unpublished plan is that it was a product of a thoroughgoing engagement with heterodox strands of modern political thought: Montesquieu, Vattel and the natural law tradition, Rousseau, Swiss debates on moral and political improvement, nascent Physiocracy and modern German Cameralism. As part of their collaboration, they set out on a tour of Western Europe during which they sought out first-hand contact with minor and major figures involved in economic, technological and administrative improvements, ranging from local farmers to David Hume and Victor Mirabeau. Importantly, the intellectual resources assembled thanks to this diverse network were fused and reworked by Mniszech and Bertrand so as to adapt them to Polish conditions. In step with the major intellectual currents of the time, they identified the political economy as the framework which held the promise of reinvigorating the republic. Looking at this ad-hoc international network, constituted to address Polish problems, will thus provide an opportunity to reflect on the issues of intellectual transfer, the adaptability of the Enlightenment\u2019s political thought and the role of political economy and heterodox form of rationality in enabling political and economic reform. <\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e5d718 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3e5d718\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aleksander \u0141upienko<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-638b38d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"638b38d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Imperial, National or Local. Warsaw under Russian Rule<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4859168 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4859168\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The presentation aims at grasping the difficult history of Warsaw, the former capital of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, during the time of its imposed provincial status (by the tsarist regime) in the second half of the nineteenth century. How to conceptualise Warsaw as a meaningful place, and how to avoid recurring questions about the city\u2019s affiliation? What did it mean to be a Varsovian? And its inhabitants: what could Poles, Jews and Russians possibly have in common? \nOne of the answers may be the issue of culture, in this case, the memory culture (to borrow a widely accepted term coined by Ch. Corneli\u00dfen), created and narrated within the city. What memory has been recalled by different groups? Were there any dominating narratives, or messages about the past that were successfully brought to the wider masses? What was the form of the past they spoke of: national, class or religious? Which groups managed to create something resembling a memory culture and what was its character: inclusive or exclusive? These questions support the main hypothesis about the salience of memory in defining how nineteenth-century cities should be conceptualised in historiography, and come from the conviction that it is the culture \u201cproduced\u201d in cities that should be investigated more deeply in order to bring more order to the chaos characterising the realities of the nascent (\u201cemerging\u201d) cities of Central and East-Central Europe before 1914.\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d0e8bde elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d0e8bde\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Piotr Guzowski<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48c1a87 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48c1a87\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How Polish Historical Demography Can Contribute to the Discussion about Europe\u2019s Demographic Past<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9630ded elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9630ded\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">All major theories produced by historical demographers have a geographical aspect. John Hajnal\u2019s famous concept of the European Marriage Pattern, Peter Laslett\u2019s theory of diverse family forms or the idea of the chronology of demographic transition have always taken into account either some distinctiveness of Eastern Europe or at least its peculiarities or backwardness. This paper will refer to three spheres of scientific activity of Polish historical demographers in which their contribution is evident and will hopefully grow with time. The first contribution of Polish demographers is providing data from Polish lands that can confirm or contradict the theories around which discussions are taking place. Secondly, Polish demographers can propose, based on data from the Polish lands, explanations of phenomena characteristic of Eastern Europe as a whole, such as the impact of the serfdom system on the family and household in the pre-industrial period. Thirdly, it seems that historical demography in Poland, although it has not been sufficiently internationalised yet, is characterised by its high quality of research. For some time, Polish works, textbooks and models of research have been emulated by historians in the countries that made up the former Polish-Lithuanian state. This is possible not only through the flow of publications, but increasingly through regular scientific contacts. \n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f16898 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6f16898\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vojt\u011bch Pojar<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a0c4ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2a0c4ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Making of a Romanian Eugenicist in Wartime Galicia: Networks of Medical Experts in the Habsburg Military and the Emergence of Iuliu Moldovan\u2019s Eugenic Project, 1914\u20131923<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2bb416 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e2bb416\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Iuliu Moldovan (1882\u20131966) was one of the most powerful eugenicists in interwar Romania. Yet, the intellectual genealogy of his eugenic project is unclear. The fact that Moldovan served for almost two decades as a medical expert in the Habsburg military has so far received little attention. Drawing on sources from several countries, I argue that it was Moldovan\u2019s experience on the Galician front that moulded him into a eugenicist. While deployed in Galicia, Moldovan emerged as a leading military expert on typhoid and sexually transmitted disease. Crucially, he also started framing these issues in markedly eugenic terms, as a threat to the \u201cbiological capital\u201d of the population. As illustrated by Feld\u00e4rztliche Bl\u00e4tter, a periodical Moldovan published in Lw\u00f3w\/Lviv\/Lemberg, and a large conference of military doctors that he organised there in February 1917, Moldovan brought together a transnational network of medical experts that included Viennese eugenicists, bacteriologists from Imperial Germany and local administrators. Moldovan\u2019s ambiguous eugenic project was shaped by these exchanges. While Viennese eugenicists often recognised diversity and cooperation between various groups, German bacteriology provided Moldovan a much darker imaginary of a contaminated collective body. After his return to the newly enlarged Romania in 1919, Moldovan adapted the eugenic arguments and practices which he developed in wartime Galicia for the goals of Romanian nation-building. Through the prism of Moldovan\u2019s story, my paper thus explores continuities of expert knowledge, networks and practices in the process of post-imperial transitions. <\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5492ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d5492ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Catherine Gousseff<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4e0259 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c4e0259\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Polish-Ukrainian Population Exchange (1944\u201346): People\u2019s Experiences between \u201cRepatriation\u201d and \u201cDeportation\u201d<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ac47ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4ac47ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The creation of the new Polish-Soviet border from the autumn of 1944 was marked by a new principle: to make the ethnic settlements align with the political borders. Between Poland and Ukraine, this principle was concretised by the simultaneous displacement of about one and a half million people (including one million Poles and five hundred thousand Ukrainians) invited to join their tutelary (eponymous) homeland. This displacement of populations began in the autumn of 1944 and was completed in the summer of 1946. Theoretically organised on the principle of voluntary departures, it was in reality marked by various pressures and constraints, and also led to situations of extreme violence. This presentation will distinguish between different sequences (during the war, after the war), and will trace the evolution of these transfers according to the minority groups targeted (Poles from Volhynia, Galicia, Ukrainians from the Lublin region and from south-eastern Poland), by examining the way in which the experience of the displaced persons can be qualified between the two extreme visions of these movements in the period under consideration, i.e. on one hand, the figure of deportation and, on the other, that of banalised repatriation. <\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b58353d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b58353d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Klaudia Kuchno<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd24c32 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bd24c32\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A Papal Nuncio, a Dwarf and the Grand Duchess of Tuscany. An Exchange of Human Exotica between Poland-Lithuania and Italy in the Late Sixteenth Century<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5cd33c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5cd33c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">In the early modern period, dwarfs were sought out with great avidity. Many of them entered the courts as gifts from one ruler to another, some were brought by aristocrats seeking favour, others were often bought. Valued and desired by many kings and queens, dwarves held complex positions in courts: from jesters or living curiosities to the most trusted confidants. This paper will explore the story of a female dwarf called Sofia sent from Poland-Lithuania to Florence by a member of the papal diplomatic service in the late sixteenth century; it will illustrate the complexity of contacts between the two states in a cultural and social context. <\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e4935f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7e4935f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Arkadiusz Blaszczyk<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fcd872 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8fcd872\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Spies, Bandits and Renegades. Crimean Tatar and Moldavian Reconnaissance in Poland-Lithuania (Seventeenth Century)<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aaa1e32 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"aaa1e32\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The paper will spotlight the transcultural cooperation in the realm of reconnaissance and espionage. Among others, it will dwell on the figure of Miron Barnovschi, an influential Bukovinian nobleman and hospodar of Moldavia (1626\u20131629, 1633), and his network of spies and thugs operating in the Polish-Lithuanian borderlands. There they carried out reconnaissance for Tatar raids, joined the raids themselves or served the raiders as guides. As in the case of the spies, recruited from veterans of Polish campaigns in Moldavia who had permanently settled there, those who helped the Crimean Tatars conduct their raids were oftentimes Polish-Lithuanian captives and renegades. The paper will address the question of how these people were framed in the sources, consisting mainly of interrogation protocols, and what we can learn from them.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ac6154 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5ac6154\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Giuseppe Cossuto<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-031591a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"031591a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Forefather Horse-Riders and Contemporary Nomads: Jan Potocki and His Historical and Ethnological Research as a Source of Knowledge of the Steppe Peoples<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3c387b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d3c387b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Count Jan Potocki (1761\u20131815) was one of the first scholars to study the ancestors of the Slavic peoples and various other peoples of Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Black Sea from an ethnographic, linguistic and historical standpoint. He also lived, during his ethnographical study travels, amongst various Eurasiatic peoples, including the Nogay Tatars, who the Polish Count, in line with the opinion prevalent in the Polish culture of his time, saw as one of the most representative peoples that still practised the \u201cSteppe Aristocracy\u201d way of life (typical of ancient populations such as the Sarmatians). He also came into contact with Cossaks, Kirghisians, Kalmuks, various kinds of Tatars and other populations.\nDuring his travels, the Polish Count often pursued diachronic comparative studies of the customs and the traditions of the populations that he encountered and other populations of the past, reported in classical studies.\nThis interesting methodology allowed him to fix and sometimes establish a \u201cmulticultural system in movement\u201d through a huge territorial space and through time. He described rules, cultural differences and similarities.\nThe scope of my paper is to analyse and illustrate Potocki\u2019s works, especially the links he made to the Francophone world, as French was the language of universal circulation in the Europe of his time. \nMy research will be based firstly on the analysis of Potocki\u2019s masterpiece: Histoire Primitive des Peuples de la Russie avec une Exposition complete de Toutes les Nations, locales, nationales et traditionelles, necessaires a l\u2019intelligence du quatrieme livre d\u2019Herodote (St. Petersbourg, 1802) and on various Travels and studies that this Polish Herodotus carried out. One of the most interesting discoveries that the Count made was the discovery of strong links between the Nogay Tatars of his time and the most ancient steppe people in the area of the Black Sea. \n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d696ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5d696ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Renata Vickrey, Ben Tyson<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb28044 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fb28044\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Determinants of Polish Identity: A Comparative Study of Polish Immigrants to the United States and New Zealand<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92bd138 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"92bd138\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Two survey research projects were conducted in the United States and New Zealand. The objective was to assess the determinants of Polish identity among first- and second-generation born individuals of Polish descent whose parent(s) or grandparent(s) were born in Poland. Factors affecting to what degree their Polish heritage\/culture had been retained were discussed. The presentation begins with a brief review of the literature on Polish migration to the United States and New Zealand. This is followed by a description of the research methods used and the findings. The presentation concludes with a detailed comparison of results from the two countries. \nFindings show that New Zealand respondents tend to have greater knowledge of Polish history\/culture and are more apt to celebrate Polish holiday traditions than their U.S. counterparts. In addition, a greater percentage of New Zealand respondents see themselves as having a blended ethnicity (Polish-New Zealanders) compared to those in the United States where a greater percentage identify as solely American. The reasons for these differences are discussed. \n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-470e6b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"470e6b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Claire Clouet<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e07030 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4e07030\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Seasonal Migrations between Poland and France: A Literary Anthropology of Belonging<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6ec870 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f6ec870\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">As an anthropologist, I am interested in the links between ethnographic and literary narratives. This interest has notably taken the form of writing. Between 2020 and 2022, I composed a fictional narrative based on the lives of my Polish grandparents: A Season for Babcia. I will discuss which ethnographic traces this story explores (sound-recordings, ethnographic notebooks, correspondence, etc.) and how it stages cultural encounters. The narrative deals with both an encounter between Polish grandparents and a local French population from the Paris area in the 1990s, and an encounter between Polish grandparents and a French granddaughter, who later became an anthropologist of migrations. Findings show that New Zealand respondents tend to have greater knowledge of Polish history\/culture and are more apt to celebrate Polish holiday traditions than their U.S. counterparts. In addition, a greater percentage of New Zealand respondents see themselves as having a blended ethnicity (Polish-New Zealanders) compared to those in the United States where a greater percentage identify as solely American. The reasons for these differences are discussed. \n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac29420 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ac29420\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">John Radzilowski<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc38319 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dc38319\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Migrants into Ethnics: Cultural Identities in Transition among Polish, Slovak and Rusyn Migrants in North America, Nineteenth to Twentieth Centuries<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae9edc1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ae9edc1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">I explore the forming and overlapping of cultural identities among migrants to North America from Poland and neighbouring regions by examining numerous cases of migrants who appear to affiliate with other cultural groups or have more than one ethnic identity. Advances beyond the paradigms of \u201ctransnational\u201d or \u201ccounter-hegemonic\u201d identities by arguing that migrants develop parallel and overlapping identities that reinforce a sense of belonging in North America. These cases are most obvious in people from borderland regions, but the phenomenon can extend beyond these groups. The paper uses case studies from the USA and Canada, where Polish and Slovak immigrants joined organisations and parishes of the other group as well as cases of Polish and Rusyn immigrants who share parishes. Additional examples from other regions of East-Central Europe are discussed. In these cases, immigrants appear to have participated fully in the parishes and groups they joined, while maintaining a sense of being culturally distinct. Within the multicultural milieu of North America, these identities reinforced national or ethnic affiliations.\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97c0019 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"97c0019\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Andrew Kless<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1fb0144 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1fb0144\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Foals, Farmsteads and Forests: Ecological Encounters in First World War Russian Poland<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5bc3ae2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5bc3ae2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">This paper examines the ecology of occupation in the forms of symbiotic and parasitic relationships developed between humans, animals and the environment in German-occupied Poland from 1914\u20131918. How was the occupation experienced inter-connectedly by the humans and animals within it? Did the war and subsequent occupation affect the natural environment? How was the environment manipulated to support the occupation? How can an ecological approach reorient historians to the diversity of experiences in Poland during the war? \nThe control of animals \u2013 wild and domesticated \u2013 was fundamental to the German occupation of Poland and often symbolic of the power dynamics between the occupier and the occupied. Just a few examples include the ordered separation of German- and Polish-bred horses out of fear of disease, the registration of Polish canines on the orders of General Hindenburg and the requisitioning of livestock by the army. The culture of Polish defiance of German authority, for instance, manifested itself in the black-market trade of sought-after horses. \nThe environmental changes caused by the war and occupation on the physical landscape of Poland are still evident. Active military operations shaped the terrain in well-known ways, from the building of trenches to fields pockmarked by artillery. However, the subsequent occupation changed Poland\u2019s landscape and environment in arguably more profound ways. Roads were built, barracks constructed, initiatives to improve agriculture were instigated, and Polish forests were felled for sale to Germany or for military use. However, these forests were just as often preserved and protected for the duration of the war by local Polish and foreign German administrators. Some of these forests may still be enjoyed in Poland today.\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fc2c12 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3fc2c12\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Patrice Dabrowski<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8203eb2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8203eb2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">From Brothers in Arms to Loyal Citizens? Polish-Hutsul Relations during the War and After<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14c4c36 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"14c4c36\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The proposed paper will focus on the wartime and post-war contacts between lowland Poles and Hutsul highlanders in the part of the Eastern Carpathians commonly referred to as the Hutsul Region. The encounter began with the experience of members of the Second (\u201cCarpathian\u201d or \u201cIron\u201d) Brigade of the Polish Legions in the Eastern Carpathians in 1914\u201315 and their seemingly positive interactions with the local population of Hutsuls. A significant number of Hutsuls secretly trained and fought alongside the Poles for a spell that winter until \u2013 at the request of Ukrainian parliamentarians, who learned of the arrangement \u2013 the Hutsul soldiers were transferred under lowland Ukrainian control (within the ranks of the Ukrainian Sich Sharpshooters) for the rest of the war. Although part of the Austro-Hungarian armed forces, both the Polish Legions and the Ukrainian Sich Sharpshooters sought to do more than just repel the foreign invaders. Ukrainian national activists considered Hutsuls to be part of the Ukrainian nation; together with at least some Hutsuls, they fought in 1918\u20131919 to create an independent Ukrainian state in eastern Galicia and beyond. As a result, Polish-Hutsul relations in the early years of the Second Polish Republic were strained (to say the least). Nonetheless, the memory of Polish-Hutsul cooperation during World War I would be in the 1930s as a mere tool in a larger project for turning the Hutsuls into loyal citizens of the interwar state. <\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-588b6e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"588b6e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Samantha Knapton<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a65f854 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a65f854\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u201cEvery Pole has not only a right, but the duty to return to his country\u201d: Post-War Polish Repatriation from British-Occupied Germany<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8bc57af elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8bc57af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">At the end of the Second World War, a sizeable Polish displaced person (DP) community was housed in British-occupied Germany, and although repatriation drives stalled across the summer of 1945, the Allied armies and United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) expected the majority of Polish DPs to return to Poland as soon as possible. Yet, when repatriation became viable by September 1945, the situation in Poland had changed considerably. Many were reluctant to repatriate without knowing more about the new Provisional Government of National Unity, or learning where they would live as a result of significant border changes. \nBetween 1945 and 1947, the Allies and UNRRA tried to encourage repatriation as much as possible. Throughout the summer of 1946, Operation Carrot, created by UNRRA, was instituted as a means to \u201ccoerce\u201d voluntary repatriation to Poland. Yet, the numbers returning remained low. By the beginning of 1947, thousands of Polish DPs were still resident across western Germany, many showing few signs of wishing to return but instead waiting for resettlement opportunities to appear. By mid-1947, however, the vast majority of Polish DPs repatriated to a Poland many of them frequently exclaimed was not \u201ctheir Poland.\u201d\nIn the historiography to date, the issue of repatriation has remained contentious with Operation Carrot standing out as the main repatriation programme. This paper will explore how informal networks across British-occupied Germany worked in collaboration with representatives of the Warsaw Repatriation Mission to ensure repatriation was ultimately the only option for many remaining Polish DPs, the majority of which were children. The lesser-known, but larger and seemingly all-encompassing, repatriation programme Home by Easter will be analysed alongside internal correspondence to show how ad-hoc policy implementation in British-occupied Germany often reinforced the Polish government\u2019s nation-building rhetoric in the DP camps. \n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ec3684 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8ec3684\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lukas Pohl<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a228817 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a228817\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0141\u00f3d\u017a: A New City, New Encounters. The Imperial and Global Framing of a Textile City in Polish Territories, 1860\u20131914<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e1452d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1e1452d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The prominent former textile city in the present-day heart of Poland, formerly known as \u201cRed \u0141\u00f3d\u017a,\u201d was perceived and described in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, especially in Central and Eastern European journalism, as a cultureless, violent \u201cevil city.\u201d In the rapidly growing city, where the population increased almost twenty-fold between the 1860s and 1914 (from 32,000 to over 600,000 inhabitants), security issues were particularly acute from the very beginning. The city was rocked by riots and mass strikes in 1863, 1892 and 1905\/06. There were mass lockouts of workers from factories, for example, to which the city responded by sending in troops, and this characterised the cityscape. The lecture will deal with the embedding of the history of the city of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a in historical security research and show why the study of this modern, Polish, industrial city could especially benefit from historical security research. When considering the security concepts of a city such as \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, numerous questions arise:\nHow could security be established or guaranteed at all in the quadrilingual city, which was rocked by social tensions? Which security actors can be identified and what strategies did they pursue? Among other things, the multi-faceted concepts of the Russian administration to ensure security in the city will be examined. Did the city administration have prejudices against particular languages and ethnic groups? How were everyday life and security practices organised? How did the administration and multilingual private entrepreneurs seek to ensure security? How did this shape the lives and emotional worlds of the population? What changed for the urban population with the admission of a multilingual school system after the uprisings of 1905 and 1906? Which (political) actors were multilingual and which languages did they master? \n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-809b045 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"809b045\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Henryk G\u0142\u0119bocki<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e1caefa elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e1caefa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Historical Origin of the Promethean Tradition and Ideas in the Polish Thought of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14ca912 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"14ca912\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The paper at hand outlines the origins of Polish Prometheism. The idea revolved around seeking allies against the Russian Empire among the nations enslaved by Russia \u2013 \u201cwhite\u201d or \u201cred.\u201d \nThe paper describes the main development streams of those concepts from the beginning of the eighteenth century. It depicts them using examples obtained from archival research known to only the few. The programme modernised by Pi\u0142sudski at the end of the nineteenth century and adjusted to the era of mass social movements had a long tradition. Its most prominent representatives during the Great Migration in the nineteenth century were Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski from the right wing and Maurycy Mochnacki from the left wing. \nThose ideas have their roots in the eighteenth century. The first outline of Promethean politics can be found in Ukrainian thought as early as the beginning of the eighteenth century. It was included in the projects of Cossack Hetman Pylyp Orlyk, the successor of Ivan Mazepa, when he was in exile after the defeat at Poltava in 1709. Orlyk continued the programme of an independent country of Cossacks from the River Dnieper in the form of a union or alliance with the Republic of Poland or Sweden. Subsequently, Bar Confederates referred to those concepts while trying to gain the support of Crimean Tatars. In turn, Maurycy Beniowski, a confederate and exile who escaped from Kamchatka, found anti-tsar forces even in the remote areas of Siberia.\nIn the Napoleonic era, the ideas expressed by Prometheism in the form of plans to destroy the Russian Empire had to endure the \u201cgreat captivity\u201d of the nineteenth century. They were used and developed by subsequent generations, who joined the struggle for an independent Poland and looked for allies in nations threatened by Russian imperialism until the times of the Second Polish Republic.\nHow could security be established or guaranteed at all in the quadrilingual city, which was rocked by social tensions? Which security actors can be identified and what strategies did they pursue? Among other things, the multi-faceted concepts of the Russian administration to ensure security in the city will be examined. Did the city administration have prejudices against particular languages and ethnic groups? How were everyday life and security practices organised? How did the administration and multilingual private entrepreneurs seek to ensure security? How did this shape the lives and emotional worlds of the population? What changed for the urban population with the admission of a multilingual school system after the uprisings of 1905 and 1906? Which (political) actors were multilingual and which languages did they master? \n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdd2df6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cdd2df6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Katarzyna Nowak<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f5c2df9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f5c2df9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Displaced Persons and Western Aid Workers in Post-WWII Europe. Encounters and Cultural Exchanges<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-00d87ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"00d87ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">During and after the Second World War, refugees from Eastern Europe became exposed to the rehabilitation projects of both the Western Allies and their own national elites. As victims of Nazi persecution, classified as Displaced Persons or DPs, they obtained international and governmental aid. They were placed in camps run by the UNRRA (United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration) and, later on, the IRO (International Refugee Organisation). After gathering DPs in the relative safety of camps, military men and aid workers started to tackle \u201cthe second R,\u201d or rehabilitation. Their aim was to produce citizens able to take part in rebuilding war-torn countries. Social elites joined the lament on the need to strengthen and regenerate the displaced victims of war, who were be integrated into the national body. The language of the era was suffused with the vocabulary of \u201cfallen civilisation\u201d and \u201cbarbaric practices.\u201d The focus on civilisation came from a long tradition of orientalising and othering Eastern Europe and its inhabitants. It translated into a series of practices to wash, feed and change behaviours of refugees to help and prepare them for living in modern societies. In this talk, I explore the dynamics of cultural encounters between aid workers, decision-makers and DPs in Allied-occupied Germany and Austria, looking at how they negotiated intervention practices centring around the issues of health and cleanliness, motherhood and professional training. Drawing on the toolkit of cultural history to combine institutional and bottom-up perspectives, I show how such external interventions, carried out by experts and leaders ranging from nutrition experts to priests, coexisted with grassroots initiatives by refugees to rebuild their lives and find their place in new societies. The main body of primary sources used in this research comes from the collections of the United Nations Archives, the Arolsen Archives and the Archives of Modern Records in Warsaw.\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c331aba elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c331aba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jurgita Verbickien\u0117<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9042478 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9042478\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Settlements of Disputes in a Foreign Court. Settlements of Cases Involving Jews in the Magdeburg Courts of the Towns in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-033161a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"033161a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The presentation seeks to draw attention to the emerging trend in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (mostly in the Seventeenth and eighteenth centuries). At that time, the principle of the defendant\u2019s court was applied whereby the Jewish plaintiff was summoned to the Magdeburg court of the defendant. The defendant\u2019s court became a compromise phenomenon that reflected the day-to-day jurisprudence of the towns of that era. The topic is yet to be fully studied by historiographers. The fundamental change in the system came with the arrival of the Jews, who often entered an unfavourable urban environment and avoided trials presided by Christian judges. In such circumstances, the Lithuanian Statute was the main source of law (chronologically, the third edition of 1588). The same acquis would apply in other mixed \u2013 Christian and Jewish \u2013 court cases. However, there were exceptions to this rule, such as trials involving blood libel accusations. Such cases (albeit a small number) were heard by the Magdeburg court. There were reasons for this: under state law and the privileges granted to the Jews, it was virtually impossible to hear such cases in state courts. In this case, the transfer of such cases to the Magdeburg court disregarded the primacy of state law, and the Magdeburg court was used in the prosecution of the Jews for blood libel, especially in sentencing. The presentation raises issues of the defendant\u2019s court procedure and the course of proceedings, the choice of law and the legal conduct of litigants.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04bae08 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"04bae08\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ruth Leiserowitz<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9f05ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b9f05ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How the Border Influenced Economic Life. Vistytis in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d567bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3d567bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">On the basis of tax records from the years 1820\u201335, it is shown how the citizens of Vistytis lived, how they earned their living and how specific the situation of the town was given its proximity to the border with Prussia. The presentation covers a number of internal and external factors. Socio-historical analysis offers research opportunities for comparative studies involving other border regions. <\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-108d8fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"108d8fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Andrej Ry\u010dkov<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72dc09c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"72dc09c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Reaching the Prussian Market: Transport Infrastructure and Transport Routes in Samogitia at the End of the Eighteenth Century<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3c4e7a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d3c4e7a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">This paper analyses archival data from the Treasury Commission of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It aims to reconstruct the network of Samogitian infrastructure used for the transport of goods into the Prussian market, and to determine the intensity of freight traffic at local and regional levels.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba81711 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ba81711\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Martynas Jakulis<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9d7d06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b9d7d06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">People from the Other Side: Perceptions of the Inhabitants of the Borderland between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Prussia in the Eighteenth Century<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67546df elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"67546df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Using the decrees of the kings of Prussia, as well as the reports of the Treasury Commission of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the paper focuses on the perceptions of the inhabitants of the Lithuanian-Prussian borderland. The paper aims to examine how the public officials of both countries perceived the people from the other side of the border and their various \u2013 legal as well as illegal \u2013 economic activities in the borderland region in the eighteenth century.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f1c628 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3f1c628\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aivaras Po\u0161ka<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4c967d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f4c967d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Inn that Controls the Border. Customs Officials Residing at Inns in the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b5db7e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b5db7e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The sources of the second half of the eighteenth century mention that customs officials that resided at inns and controlled the Grand Duchy of Lithuania-Prussia border made the inn an integral part of the GDL-Prussia border control infrastructure. This presentation aims to examine the phenomenon of inns that served as border control posts on the GDL-Prussian border, identifying their role in the GDL border control system and the ways these inns operated. Special attention is given to the social status of customs officers residing at these inns. <\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-872bef0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"872bef0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Alberto Giordano<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f115bdb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f115bdb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A Spatial Humanities Approach to Studying Borderlands: Methods and Models<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24fea63 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"24fea63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">In this presentation, I will introduce and discuss a representational and analytical model to explore the historical geographies of the borderlands between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) and Prussia in the late 1700s. The main source for this research is a series of manuscripts that contain descriptions of customs\u2019 infrastructure facilities, administration and activities, including the export and import of a variety of products, the actions of merchants and the measures taken to curb smuggling. The methods and tools used in the project, including mapping and GIS analysis, corpus linguistics and qualitative spatial representation (QSR), allow one to assess the state of the GDL\u2019s customs organisation and to address issues of geographical data accuracy and uncertainty that are difficult to resolve using historical documents of this kind.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8593a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a8593a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Malgorzata Fidelis<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9ebf9e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f9ebf9e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gender and Working-Class History in Poland <\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ef96bab elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ef96bab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">This presentation will discuss the analytical category of gender and its uses in historical studies of working-class culture. My aim is two-fold. First, I will talk about how perspectives on working-class culture changed in recent decades upon the integration of gender analysis. The departure point for this discussion will be Joan Scott\u2019s observation in the mid-1980s that \u201cone is struck not by the absence of women\u201d in classical narratives of working-class history such as E.P. Thompson\u2019s The Making of the English Working Class, \u201cbut by the awkward way in which [women] figure there.\u201d Second, I will discuss possible ways of integrating gender into the narratives of workers\u2019 history in Poland. The overarching argument of this presentation is that women and gender identity were central to the industrial revolution, the creation of industrial society and class formation across the globe. Drawing on the historical experience of female workers, I will propose ways to re-conceptualise the history of working-class culture to encompass both productive and reproductive labour, and gender as critical to the self-understanding of working class communities in Poland and beyond.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9221daf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9221daf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Martin Andersson<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f808d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1f808d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Mystifying Peasant: Early Modern and Modern Ways to Describe the Rural Population<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a1930e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4a1930e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u201cPeasants\u201d is a word most often used by historians writing in English to denote the rural population during the premodern era. However, Scandinavian scholars use the term in a particular sense, only referring to landed and tax-paying men that were called bonde by the early moderns themselves. In this paper, I argue that this double use of the bonde\u2013peasant word produces a distorted picture of early modern peasant cultures north and west of the Baltic Sea. While early modern Swedes sometimes used the word bonde to exaggerate Swedish freedom compared to the unfree peasants living under Polish rule in Livonia, its use by modern historians creates a vision of the rural past as uncomplicated and undivided, peasants as a homogeneous group or class with \u201cpeasant communities\u201d having one common interest. It has further led historical demographers, relying on taxation lists that only count the tax-paying bonde, to underestimate the number of people living in the countryside. The paper thus argues for a critical interpretation of early modern rural occupations, and calls for a renewed discussion of how historians may translate such fundamental yet culturally specific terms into English.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a62c355 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a62c355\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Karin Friedrich<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91ea32a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"91ea32a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Brandenburg or Magnate Diplomacy? Bogus\u0142aw Radziwi\u0142 as an Intermediary between Berlin and Warsaw (post 1657) <\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b4998d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6b4998d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A Lithuanian magnate, Bogus\u0142aw Radziwi\u0142\u0142 (1620\u20131669), who descended from a Hohenzollern princess and one of Poland-Lithuania\u2019s most influential Reformed magnate families, is infamous as a \u201ctraitor\u201d for his collaboration with the Swedes during the Polish-Swedish war of 1655\u20131660. Under pressure from Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, who appointed him governor of the Duchy of Prussia in 1657, Radziwi\u0142\u0142 received an amnesty from the Polish crown. The paper will assess the success or failure of Radziwi\u0142\u0142\u2019s attempt to walk a tight rope between the policies of the Warsaw court towards Prussia, Electoral Brandenburg diplomatic interests and his own. <\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd97ac1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cd97ac1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Roman Ivashko<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88ce4f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"88ce4f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Latin Archdiocese of Lw\u00f3w\/Lviv in Relation to Christians of the Greek Rite during the Reign of King W\u0142adys\u0142aw II Jagie\u0142\u0142o<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ba55b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8ba55b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The formation of the structures of the Archdiocese of Lw\u00f3w\/Lviv, according to sources, was designed to stop the actions of the Teutonic Order and to promote the conversion of Eastern Christians to Catholicism. There was to be only one Latin bishop in the diocese\/eparchy in the ecclesiastical province of Lw\u00f3w\/Lviv. King W\u0142adys\u0142aw II Jagie\u0142\u0142o of Poland acknowledged on a few occasions that he made donations to the Latin clergy of the archdiocese for their assistance in the conversion of Eastern Christians to the Latin faith. Royal donations to the clergy were also given in gratitude for military victories. Moreover, the Archbishop of Lw\u00f3w\/Lviv, Jan Rzeszowski, received inquisitorial powers to break the union of the Ruthenians and the Hussites. Besides, all Christians who owned land under Magdeburg law had to pay tithes to the archbishop. At the same time, for their recognition of the royal authority of the Jagiellonian dynasty, Christians of the Eastern rite were guaranteed rights to parishes of the Greek rite in the countryside.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f0b155 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5f0b155\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Joshua Zimmerman<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd9f8c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fd9f8c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pi\u0142sudski\u2019s Policy of Equilibrium, 1930\u20131934<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-372bd37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"372bd37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">This poster presentation examines the origins and evolution of J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski\u2019s foreign policy between the Treaty of Locarno in 1925 and the German-Polish Non-Aggression Pact in 1934. I demonstrate that Pi\u0142sudski\u2019s decision to normalise relations with Nazi Germany was the direct outcome of the weakening resolve among Western democracies to adhere to its obligations to guarantee the German-Polish frontier. Otherwise known as the Policy of Equilibrium or the Policy of Balance, Pi\u0142sudski\u2019s new orientation in foreign policy followed the 1925 Treaty of Locarno, whereby Germany formally recognised the French and Belgium borders, but refused the same recognition for Poland and Czechoslovakia. Pi\u0142sudski concluded that France was more interested in improving relations with Germany than in adhering to the 1921 French-Polish Accord that guaranteed each other\u2019s borders. Poland\u2019s foreign minister at the time, Alexander Skrzy\u0144ski, remarked to the French ambassador to Warsaw that Locarno represented \u201ca dagger thrust in the back of the alliance between our two countries.\u201d After frequent changes in the French government, the new French prime minister in 1931, Pierre Laval, openly expressed the view that long-term peace in Europe could not be achieved without the return of the Polish Corridor to Germany. Pi\u0142sudski responded to Laval\u2019s remarks by communicating to US President Herbert Hoover that Poland would defend every inch of land regardless of the opinions of any foreign country. With growing sympathy in Western diplomatic circles for German revisionism, Pi\u0142sudski went about normalizing relations with his two giant neighbours. The first such act was the signing of the Polish-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact in July 1932. Unlike Weimar Germany, which committed itself to resolving the territorial dispute with Poland solely through diplomatic channels, the newly appointed chancellor of Germany (in January 1933), Adolf Hitler, initially threatened force when he told a British newspaper two weeks after taking power that \u201cthe Polish Corridor must be restored.\u201d Pi\u0142sudski responded by proposing that France and Poland wage a joint Preventive War to remove Hitler from power. France not only refused, but made it clear that in the event of German aggression against Poland, France would not intervene militarily. Hitler was taken aback by Pi\u0142sudski\u2019s threat of force against Nazi Germany, especially since Germany was still de-militarised back then. The result was the German-Polish Declaration (non-aggression pact) signed in January 1934, in which both countries agreed to refrain from war for a period of ten years. These pacts with Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia made Poland a major player in international affairs, leading France in April 1934 to dispatch its foreign minister on the first state visit to Warsaw since Poland had become independent. As Marek Kornat convincingly demonstrates, the French policy of appeasing Germany in the period 1925\u20131933 gave Pi\u0142sudski no alternative but to normalise relations with his two larger neighbours.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eed8353 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"eed8353\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nadiia Honcharenko<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-824ba18 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"824ba18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Polish Solidarity in a Ukrainian Context: From Silencing Its \u201cAnti-Soviet Activities\u201d to Praising It as an Exemplary Democratic Movement (the Discursive Specificities of Ukraine\u2019s Academic, Political and Artistic Communities)<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6930ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b6930ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ukrainian historians tended not to pay too much attention to Poland\u2019s Solidarity movement up until the early 1990s; it remained unclear what their public position was. Academic publications of the Institute of History of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences dedicated to foreign history published surprisingly few articles on \u201csocialist\u201d Poland, compared to other East European countries. Those published were mainly about the USSR\u2019s \u201cbrotherly\u201d assistance to the Polish people re-building their country after it had been destroyed by \u201cfascists\u201d during the Second World War. In the 1980s, the unauthorised dissemination of unofficial information about Polish Solidarity was treated as anti-Soviet propaganda and persecuted by the KGB, as some recently released documents from former KGB archives show. Since 1989, there were active contacts between Solidarity and the Ukrainian pro-independence movement known as the Rukh.\nThe situation has changed remarkably since 1991. Polish Solidarity, in power in their country at the time, became a showcase for successful democratic movements in virtually all anti-communist political forces in Ukraine; the reformist activities of the Polish government were perceived as a recipe for the transition to a post-communist reality.\nMy paper will offer a detailed description of this transformation of perceptions of the Solidarity movement. Special attention will be paid to its perception in the humanitarian academic community, as well as among Ukrainian politicians, writers and artists.\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfc4fd9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dfc4fd9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mykola Genyk<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e05694b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e05694b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Promethean Vision of Eastern Europe in Polish Political Thought after World\nWar II\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e801d8b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e801d8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Poland had experience in Promethean activities in the interwar period. After World War II, in Polish political thought, there was clearly a link between independence and changes in other Eastern European countries. Two visions clashed: the Soviet (Russian) vision, according to which Eastern Europe was within Moscow\u2019s sphere of influence, and the Polish one, which envisaged the transformation of the Soviet empire into independent nation-states. The Paris-based Kultura (J. Giedroy\u0107, J. Mieroszewski) played a leading role in shaping the new concept of the Polish eastern policy. The prerequisite for geopolitical change was either to seek reconciliation with the eastern neighbours or solve the issue of borders and national minorities. Ukrainian dissidents (W. Stus, W. Moroz) saw in the Polish opposition movement an element capable of destroying the entire socialist camp. An important initiative towards forging an understanding with eastern neighbours was the \u201cProposal of a Common Position towards the Polish-Ukrainian, Polish-Belarusian and Polish-Lithuanian border.\u201d The agreement was reached in Paris in 1987 between several centres of the Polish opposition and an envoy of the Ukrainian government in exile. The new concept of the Polish eastern policy was conducive to geopolitical change in the region.The situation has changed remarkably since 1991. Polish Solidarity, in power in their country at the time, became a showcase for successful democratic movements in virtually all anti-communist political forces in Ukraine; the reformist activities of the Polish government were perceived as a recipe for the transition to a post-communist reality.\nMy paper will offer a detailed description of this transformation of perceptions of the Solidarity movement. Special attention will be paid to its perception in the humanitarian academic community, as well as among Ukrainian politicians, writers and artists.\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24cff46 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"24cff46\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Oksana Yatsyshyna<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-064a48e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"064a48e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ukraine\u2019s Choice between West and East. Historical and Cultural Interpretation as an Instrument of Political Manipulation<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f532c2d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f532c2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ukraine is an indicative and symbolic victim of hybrid war. Paradoxes of the national image and manipulation of the historical heritage are becoming the basis of geopolitical influence on mass consciousness, mainly of the younger generation. History in the service of politics (historical memory) has been one of the foundations of Ukrainian politics since Ukraine\u2019s independence. The use of history and historical memory by state leaders as a weapon against domestic political competitors, as well as in foreign policy, has become an extremely destructive feature of Ukraine\u2019s political life. Two opposite conceptual views on Ukrainian history and the use of memory as a weapon against domestic political competitors and in international affairs are the topics proposed for consideration.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7bde930 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7bde930\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Olena Kozakevych<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f75ba65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f75ba65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hutsul Art Collections in Polish Museums<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3cef9b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3cef9b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Many collections of decorative folk art of ethnographic groups from Ukraine are stored in Polish museums. Information on their origin, typological variety, techniques and the d\u00e9cor is provided. These collections differ in the number of items and the state of their preservation. The historical value of the collections is emphasised by the genesis of their objects \u2013 they mostly originate from the last quarter of the nineteenth and the first decade of the twentieth centuries. These collections were formed in different ways. First items were donated mainly by patrons or from private collections; they were also bought during ethnographic trips and brought by settlers. My research in museums and scientific institutions in Poland has shown that the Hutsul Region, otherwise known as the Carpathian Region, is one of the most deeply studied historical and ethnographic territories of Ukraine. For almost two centuries, mountain landscapes and Hutsul traditional culture and folk art have attracted and fascinated both professionals and amateurs. The legends of the Hutsul Region, the hospitality of the highlanders, their \u201cwild\u201d archaism, which manifested itself mainly in customs, rituals and art, attracted growing attention in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. The region also incorporated influences and anticipated tourist needs. To some extent, this created the mythology of the Hutsul Region and the captivating effect it had on its visitors and enthusiasts. The most valuable collections of Hutsul art today are stored in Krak\u00f3w: in the Seweryn Udziela Ethnographic Museum and the National Museum. However, the history of these collections is connected with the history of the Technical and Industrial Museum in Krak\u00f3w. After its liquidation in 1950, these collections became part of the National Museum holdings. TIM labels indicate the original source of the items. Part of the EMK collection from 1939 was recorded as a deposit of the NMK, and in 1989 most of the ethnographic collection was transferred to the EMK (since ethnographic items should be stored in museums with the appropriate profile). However, part of these ethnographic items is still stored at the NMK today. Thus, Hutsul collections (excluding agricultural equipment) in Polish museums feature a plethora of ceramics (however, Pokuttia region ceramics often are included in Hutsul colections), Easter eggs, clay or wax sculpture, clothing, folk fabrics, carpet weaving, jewellery, clothing accessories, smoking accessories, weapons, etc. Almost all the items come from the territory of the so-called \u201cGalician Hutsul Region.\u201d |This is because in the late nineteenth century and especially in the 1920s and 1930s this part of the Hutsul Region was the most studied and popularised by ethnographers, artists or tourists. However, some items marked as \u201cHutsul\u201d are in fact from the Bukovina or Pokuttia Regions. To some extent, this is due to the fact that inventory books often provide the origin of donors or the place where the item was purchased. Sometimes it is questionable whether all the items can be classified as folk, or whether the influences of professional art and urban culture should be taken into account. In view of the above, issues of historical and socio-cultural influences, as well as border issues, are important. The diversity of Hutsul collections in Polish museums is demonstrated by numerous exhibitions held in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. These veritable showcases of both the unique skills of the highlanders and one of Poland\u2019s many national styles never fail to attract visitors.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6cf02a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6cf02a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Olga Gaidai<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1b71ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c1b71ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Sources of the Formation and Coverage of the History of the Polish Ethnos in the Museums of the City of Mykolaiv<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe2420c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fe2420c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The relevance of the problem is determined by the importance of society\u2019s awareness of the need to popularise museums as a place for the preservation and translation of historical memory. The city of Mykolaiv is multinational and multicultural. It was built as the flagship of the shipbuilding industry in southern Russia in 1789. The orders and instructions of Empress Catherine II opened the way for many foreign colonists, including the Polish, to enter the Black Sea territories. Modern museums in Mykolaiv reveal the history of Polish settlements, communities, political parties, the history of resistance movements and cultural life. The Polish community in Mykolaiv in the early twentieth century accounted for 4% of the population and had a significant impact on cultural and political life. The main sources for the creation of the collections and the formation of exhibitions were documents from the State Archive of the Mykolaiv Region, personal belongings, memoirs, materials of ethnographic expeditions, etc. The exhibition aimed to present the history of the Polish ethnos of Mykolaiv through the prism of museum expositions and to emphasise the importance of the humanistic and communicative function of the museum.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7dfd09a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7dfd09a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ulrike Lang<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-034eff9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"034eff9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Beyond Orientalism? The Adoption of Modern Postural Yoga Practices in Poland after 1956<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a9b4ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8a9b4ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The transnational diffusion of Modern Postural Yoga (Elizabeth de Michelis) has been analysed thus far with respect to Western, predominantly Anglophone societies, while Central and Eastern European countries have largely been ignored. The case of Poland, however, provides insights into actor-driven, cross-cultural knowledge transmission complicating the paradigm of Orientalism.\nUntil the mid-1960s, Polish popular media depicted yoga as a bewildering, fakir-like practice unsuitable for adaptation by Polish citizens. This changed when postural yoga practices were introduced to Poland by efforts of the Bihar School of Yoga from Munger\/India. The school sought to globally promote the yoga of the Sivananda tradition by legitimizing it as a health practice and building a network of yoga teachers. Dancer Malina Michalska was the first Pole to receive a yoga teaching certificate in 1967, allowing her to open a yoga school in Warsaw. In subsequent years, biomedical research into the health benefits of postural yoga thrived at the Universities of Physical Education in Warsaw and Pozna\u0144. My work investigates how Polish yoga practitioners and researchers became part of the project of universalising yoga practices by means of \u201ccleansing\u201d yoga and its oriental, spiritual overtones. However, while utilising yoga for holistic wellbeing, they perpetuated the trope of India as the perennial and harmonic East.\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eccbe05 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"eccbe05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Daniel Hrenciuc<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e23ec6d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e23ec6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The \u201cLittle Poland\u201d of Romania<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0be7f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e0be7f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The first distinct Polish communities in Romania emerged at the end of the eighteenth century, when, with the dissolution of the independent Polish state, compact groups of Poles settled mainly in Bukovina, where they formed distinctly ethnic settlements, and also in Bessarabia and the Romanian Principalities.\nThe connections between Poles in Romanian territories and their motherland were preserved through language, the Catholic Church and common ethno-cultural and historical traditions.\nDue to its unique location at the crossroads of Byzantine, Slavic and Central European cultural influences, the history of Polish settlement in Bukovina is of special importance to the history of this province and, subsequently, to the history of Romania as a whole. In this context, the Poles have made a special contribution, especially in cultural and religious fields, to the initiation and perpetuation of the spiritual treasure of Bukovina, nicknamed \u201cthe Switzerland of the East\u201d by specialists.\nEven today, most Poles in Romania live in distinct ethnic communities unique to southern Bukovina (in the Suceava County).\nIn the eighteenth century, groups of Poles from Galicia arrived in Bukovina, attracted by living conditions and much lighter tax burdens. A significant number of Poles who settled in Bukovina were brought by the Austrian imperial authorities interested in capitalising on the riches of this region (ores, salt, forests), which formed the north-eastern part of Moldavia.\nIn order to exploit these natural resources of the region, Emperor Joseph II (1780\u20131790) brought a large number of Poles to Bukovina. The first Polish colonists were mining specialists from Bochnia and Wieliczka, who were brought to extract the Cacica salt deposit. They were later followed by wood and glass craftsmen and railway workers. Simultaneously, teachers and ministers of the Catholic Church arrived in newly-created Polish communities in Bukovina. They mainly came from the regions of Bochnia and Kalush (present-day Ukraine). The Poles who moved to Bukovina hailed from the g\u00f3ral (highlander) communities from the region of Czadca (present-day Slovakia), and they settled in the villages of Solone\u021bu Nou, Poiana Micului, Ple\u0219a (in the Suceava County) and Laurenca, Davideni-Zrab, Dunawiec (the present-day Chernivtsi Region, Ukraine). The Poles from the Kiusca River valley settled in Panca, P\u0103tr\u0103u\u021bii de Jos (the area called Ar\u0219i\u021ba) and the village of P\u0103ltinoasa. Over time, a Polish majority emerged in numerous villages such as Cacica, Solone\u021bu Nou, Ple\u0219a, Bulai (Moara), Ruda (Vic\u0219ani), P\u0103ltinoasa (in the Suceava County), Tereblecea, Davideni-Zrab, Huta-Veche, P\u0103tr\u0103u\u021bii de Jos, Cr\u0103sni\u0219oara Veche (the Chernivtsi Region).\nThe Bukovinian Poles set up numerous cultural organisations and associations which aimed to celebrate and spread Polish values. These included \u201cPolish Houses,\u201d which functioned in most of the Polish-inhabited Bukovina villages. The centre of cultural activity of the Bukovinian Poles was the city of Chernivtsi (present-day Ukraine). A particular role was played by numerous reading societies (cabinets) (Czytelnia Polska) in historic Bukovina.\nAfter the union of Bukovina with Romania (15th\/28th November 1918), the number of Bukovinian Poles decreased (34,119 people in 1919, compared to 36,210 people in 1910), as some of them returned to their motherland, which regained independence on 11th November 1918.\nIn interwar Bessarabia, there were compact communities of Poles in present-day Chi\u0219in\u0103u, Khotyn, Tighina and Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi. The Jan Sobieski organisation, led by Roman Biskup, operated successfully in Chi\u0219in\u0103u.\nIn the old Kingdom of Romania, the number of Poles was slightly higher in Bucharest (1,300\u20131,600 people) than elsewhere in the country. The Adam Mickiewicz Polish Cultural Society was established in the capital.\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa51548 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"aa51548\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Lilia Zabolotnaia<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75dab09 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"75dab09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">History of Moldovan-Polish Relations: Historiographic Aspects<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04efd70 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"04efd70\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Unfortunately, questions related to the appearance and resettlement of Poles in Moldovan territories have been, until now, one of the most understudied historiographic issues. Most modern Moldovan historians are of the opinion that Poles arrived in Moldova in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, after the dismemberment of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In our opinion, this point of view is erroneous, since written and material sources testify that Poles had lived in Moldova since the very beginning of the Moldovan state.\nIn the Middle Ages and early modern times, this was facilitated by a series of factors (geopolitical, geographical, trade and economic, ethno-confessional, etc.). After the last partition of the Commonwealth (1795), a new stage began in Moldovan-Polish relations. From the end of the eighteenth century and throughout the nineteenth century, there were several waves of migration of Poles, especially after the uprisings (1830\u20131831, 1863\u20131864), which led to mass resettlements and the emergence of a compact settlement of Poles in Bessarabia. Deprived of statehood, the Poles did not lose their national dignity and integrity as a people. They demonstrated their unique ability to preserve the Polish language, culture, the identity of Polish customs and traditions and high confessional commitment.\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99f1371 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"99f1371\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bogdan Schipor<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-117e85b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"117e85b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Polish Working-Class Movement in Romanian Diplomatic Reports, 1925\u20131938. A Story about Communist Plots, Conspiracies and Propaganda in the Shadow of the Bilateral Alliance<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b87567e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b87567e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The alliance with Poland was the first that the government in Bucharest concluded in the interwar period. The political document signed on 3rd March 1921 was accompanied by a military convention and a secret annex containing three protocols. However, neither Warsaw nor Bucharest saw the alliance as an arrangement capable of offering full guarantees. That said, the bilateral alliance offered both states more confidence in fighting a large external enemy \u2013 Soviet Russia and later the Soviet Union. But it was not only that well-known external enemy that troubled the two allied states. Equally important were the communist ideas, propaganda and movements that manifested themselves in Poland and Romania in the interwar period. In this sense, our study focuses on the way in which Romanian diplomacy and state institutions perceived, highlighted and analysed the way the Polish working-class movement, as well as the propaganda and instruments of the Komintern and Moscow, acted and manifested themselves in Poland. All this happened in a volatile context, with the always looming danger of communist contagion. Bucharest\u2019s interest in this issue was constant, and Romanian diplomats stationed in Poland were the first to provide information, analysis, views and opinions. \n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c63cfba elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c63cfba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Olimpia Mitric<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16ff964 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"16ff964\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Polonica in Romania (Fifteenth\u2013Twentieth Centuries)<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2fd0aa1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2fd0aa1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The research project \u201cPolonica in Romania (Fifteenth\u2013Twentieth Centuries)\u201d allowed us to discover multiple testimonies to Romanian-Polish connections: old books, manuscripts and documents in libraries and archives in Moldova. Recently, we also began to investigate major libraries in Bucharest and Transylvania, which offer more extensive book collections than those in Moldova. Only a small part of these collections has been catalogued or digitised. These valuable holdings bear the imprint of great figures of Polish history and culture, and they should be in scientific circulation to complement and enrich Polish cultural heritage. To limit ourselves only to one of the most prominent libraries in Moldova, the \u201cV. A. Urechia\u201d Library in Gala\u021bi (whose initial fond was donated by the scholar Vasile Alexandrescu Urechia [1834\u20131901]): its oldest print is Chronica Polonorum by Maciej Miechowita, printed in Krak\u00f3w in 1521. V.A. Urechia would frequently purchase books (especially history books, including fundamental works on the history of the peoples of Europe) from Vienna or Paris. Naturally, the library holdings (more than 50 documents) on the Great Polish Emigration in Paris also come from Vienna or Paris.\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2e0002 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e2e0002\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hanna Kozinska-Witt<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f35a282 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f35a282\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jews in the Municipal Authorities of the Second Polish Republic: Krak\u00f3w, Pozna\u0144 and Warsaw<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4fb929 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a4fb929\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">In this poster, I would like to present the results of my research published in the book: J\u00fcdische Stadtdeputierte in der Zweiten Polnischen Republik: Projekte-Strategien-Dynamiken (G\u00f6ttingen 2021). Before the First World War, Krak\u00f3w, Pozna\u0144 and Warsaw were administrative centres located in the states of the three partitioning powers. They varied in their administrative systems, their approach to local government and the status of the Jewish population. The proportion of Jews in the cities was also different: whereas in Pozna\u0144, Jews comprised only slightly more than 1% of the residents, in Krak\u00f3w and Warsaw they accounted for approximately a quarter and a third of the population, respectively. In the period of democratic elections, this factored into the strength of the representation that they could secure in local government. An interesting question is to what extent the liberal imperial traditions of the partition era continued to be binding and influenced the later work of local governments. The study involved, firstly, examining the results of the municipal government elections, the coalitions built within the councils and the issues tackled by Jewish local councillors. It then investigated the effectiveness of the interventions, measured by the size of municipal subsidies designated for Jewish institutions. My analyses show that elections to municipal self-governments had a much broader social basis than those to the Polish parliament (e.g. through the participation of Bund). On the other hand, the developments in city councils visualised the ongoing process of \u201cothering\u201d: this meant that Jewish councillors were excluded from the general municipal agenda and their activities were reduced to Jewish community matters only.\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a6157e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a6157e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Andrea Dahlquist<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c53896a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c53896a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Ukrainian Minority in Newly Created Poland and Greater Romania: A Comparative Study<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcdfafa elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bcdfafa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">This paper aims to examine in a comparative way the efforts of the Ukrainian minority to solve the challenges they faced, and to analyse the measures adopted by the Polish and Romanian authorities to secure the rights that this ethnic group gained through the Minority Treaties. The research is mainly based on documents identified at the Diplomatic Archives of the Foreign Ministry of Affairs of Romania. The aim is to explore the following questions: what are the similarities and differences between the Polish and Romanian agenda regarding the integration of minorities after the First World War? How did the Ukrainian minority from both countries act in order to get their rights respected and to adapt to new realities? What challenges did this ethnic group from Poland and Romania face?\nThe end of the First World War brought the collapse of the German, Russian, Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian empires, while several nations gained their independence, others extended their territory and new states were created. The Second Polish Republic and Greater Romania are a case in point. Both countries incorporated a large number of minorities (Poland 31.2%, Romania 28.8%), and the process of their integration into the state system represented a challenge for both the ethnic groups and the authorities.\nOne significant minority to be found in Poland and Romania after 1918 was the Ukrainian population, which was mostly concentrated in Galicia, Volhynia, Bessarabia and Bukovina. These territories had several features in common: they were all formerly parts of an empire (Galicia and Bukovina belonged to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, while Volhynia and Bessarabia were annexed by the Russian Empire) and had a multinational composition. Neither Poland nor Romania was prepared to accept and tolerate their minorities, and the conservative views of the politicians raised disappointment among Ukrainian representatives, ecclesiastic institutions and private individuals, which mainly struggled for their education, linguistic and confessional rights. Most of the time, they exposed the abuse of their minority rights in a peaceful manner, e.g. by sending memorandums to the League of Nations in Geneva. However, incidents where the protests descended into violence also happened, and they sometimes resulted in the loss of human life. Ukrainian nationalists, Russian ambitions and media propaganda also influenced the daily lives of the Ukrainian minority in Poland and Romania.\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e1fdf0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3e1fdf0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Olga Morozova<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6ca68a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f6ca68a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Archive Records as a Source Material for the Study of the History of the Polish Minority in Ukraine (the Fond of the State Archive of the Mykolaiv Oblast)<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13ffbf0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"13ffbf0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The south of Ukraine is a special region in that is distinguished by its multi-ethnicity. The pride of place in the history of southern Ukraine goes to the Polish national minority, whose history is still present in the region by virtue of place names, architectural monuments, works of art, culture, etc. A clear expression of Polish culture is the Mykolaiv Oblast. According to the 1920 census, 7,553 people of Polish nationality lived there. The State Archives of Mykolaiv have preserved 259 groups and 74,326 archival units from the pre-revolutionary period. Among them are separate record books of the Roman Catholic Cathedral in Mykolaiv, documents of the city Duma containing information about the existence of a Polish suburb in Mykolaiv, a Polish hospital, Polish organisations, the Polish Office at the Department of National Minorities of the Mykolaiv Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Bolsheviks of Ukraine, the Polish Drama Circle and the Polish Drama Society, the City School, Polish newspapers, etc. Investigative cases against Polish activists, most notably the clergy of the Roman Catholic Cathedral in Mykolaiv, are of particular interest. Research on preserved archival documents could shed light on many questions pertaining to the history of Poles in Ukraine.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5eddbd4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5eddbd4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Shaul Stampfer<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab4a686 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ab4a686\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Demography of Polish-Lithuanian Jewry and Its Divergence and Convergence with Patterns of Historic East-Central Europe<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-06e3d84 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"06e3d84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">I want to understand why there were so many Jews in Poland in the modern period. Of course, there is a simple answer: Jews had many babies and many of these babies survived \u2013 generation after generation. Now that we have answered this question, all that remains is to explain why this was the case. It is here that this project becomes complicated.\nThe question becomes more interesting when one begins to compare. One natural option is to compare Jewish populations in the East to Jewish communities in the West. In 1500, the sizes of the Jewish population of the Polish Lithuanian lands and that of the West European Jewish population were roughly similar. In 1900, the Jewish population of the Polish-Lithuanian lands was roughly larger by an order of magnitude. That is a significant difference. This suggests that knowing that a given population is Jewish does not give a strong indication of what their population growth will be.\nThe other obvious choice for comparison is to look at the behaviour of Jewish populations in light of the behaviour of local non-Jewish populations. In other words, to focus on local conditions. It is difficult to compare Jewish to urban \u201cburgher\u201d communities because of the impact of migration on urban populations. If we compare Jews to peasants, we find that both populations in Poland-Lithuania grew relatively quickly \u2013 but the Jewish population grew faster. Here it seems that something about their being Jewish had an impact. The question is: What?\nIn the presentation, I show that the best predictor of population growth rates in East European Jewry was opportunities for employment that made marriage feasible. The opening up of new employment opportunities in the form of inn-keeping and alcohol sales that were the product of new technologies and the old feudal system had a major impact on these rates. At the same time, it should be remembered that the feudal system hindered economic development in Polish-Lithuanian society as a whole.\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bbcd005 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bbcd005\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Darius Staliunas<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-762cb6c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"762cb6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Polish Influence in Lithuania and Belarus at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century \u2013 Russian Perceptions<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-07df46c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"07df46c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">This paper reconstructs the attitude of tsarist government officials towards the role of Poles in Lithuania and Belarus in late Imperial Russia. To begin with, the focus is on specific ideological constructs: the place of this region on Russian mental maps, visions of the empire and the criteria influencing the imagined hierarchy of enemies. These constructs had a vast influence on how tsarist officials saw the Polish influence in Lithuania and Belarus. The second part of the paper discusses specific case studies: changes of denomination, debates on the language of instruction for the Catholic faith in state schools, the possibility to learn Polish in primary schools in the Grodno province, zemstvo (local self-government) and the vicissitudes of founding a university. These situations show that the Russian government realised that it could subjugate Poles only if it resorted to administrative (repressive) means.\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ab3846 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0ab3846\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Isaac Nakhimovsky<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-917b247 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"917b247\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bentham, Czartoryski and the Enlightenment Origins of the Holy Alliance<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7cb448e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7cb448e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">In June 1815, the radical English philosopher and jurist Jeremy Bentham presented Emperor Alexander I of Russia with a detailed description of a legal process for promulgating a new constitution for Poland. Bentham\u2019s constitutional theory, and the circumstances that led him to present it to Alexander, help reveal the Enlightenment origins of the Holy Alliance, inaugurated by the Russian Emperor later that year. Even into the 1820s, the Holy Alliance \u2013now most familiar as a label for conspiratorial reaction \u2013 was regarded by many liberals, including Bentham\u2019s Polish collaborator Adam Jerzy Czartoryski, as part of a process for introducing national representative institutions throughout Europe. Tracing the history of Czartoryski\u2019s partnership with Bentham, which was preceded by his collaboration with his former tutor Scipione Piattoli, helps understand these claims by situating them in a broader context: one in which patriotic hopes were invested in the \u201cfederative power,\u201d or the capacity of states to construct new external relationships. For many late-eighteenth-century thinkers \u2013 particularly those engaging with the thought of the influential Swiss jurist Emer de Vattel \u2013federative politics held out the possibility of shielding social life from potentially explosive conflicts over elemental questions of sovereignty and justice. Legally codified under the guidance of international public opinion, federative power also promised to supply a pathway for constitutional reform and even the emergence of a federal Europe. The history of Czartoryski\u2019s partnership with Bentham connects this liberal idea of the Holy Alliance to a constitutionalism that was defined by its critics as a plot to suppress national sovereignty, but could also be understood as reviving the federal ideals of the 1780s. The disappointment of Czartoryski\u2019s efforts in the 1820s underlines the need to understand both the promise and the problems of federative politics. <\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c8b679 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5c8b679\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Monika Matwiejczuk<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7963c60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7963c60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Multidenominational Character of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: The Seventeenth-Century French Travellers\u2019 Perspective <\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d593bf0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d593bf0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The aim of this paper is to analyse the religious situation in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (\u201cCommonwealth\u201d) in the seventeenth century as perceived by French travellers. Although the issue of multi-denominations in the Polish lands in the early modern era has been addressed by many articles and dissertations, no one has considered the potential of diaries as a rich source of information about confessional matters. The extensive seventeenth-century travel legacy is poorly known in academic circles, while travel journals are an extremely valuable treasury of knowledge about society and everyday life in the era they date back to. They are all the more valuable for modernity, given there are very few other sources that allow us to reconstruct the everyday life of that era. \nThe paper will start by presenting a short synthesis covering the key issues: the religious situation in the Commonwealth and France, and the outline of Polish-French relations in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. After the introduction, I proceed to look at the travel diaries through the lens of a complex interdisciplinary analysis of historical sources. A corpus of seventeenth-century diaries will be analysed to identify a map of denominations in the Commonwealth, drawn up by French diarists. Next, it is explained what aspects of beliefs, religious practices, customs or even doctrines were noted by the French, as well as whether and how they understood these complex realities. The analysis of sources is intended to find out if the denominational diversity, so usual for the Commonwealth residents, was visible to the French crossing its lands, and if so, in what aspects. What attracted the interest of foreigners, and what escaped their attention? Another interesting topic present in the memoirs are socio-religious phenomena spotted while observing everyday life, as well as situations of conflict or dialogue between religious minorities and their everyday co-existence in public or private life. Finally, it is interesting to discover that the travellers were very much interested in the urban environment which resulted in descriptions of temples and their role in seventeenth-century town topography. An important element in the analysis is also an attempt to determine if the preserved descriptions and observations can be considered reliable.\n\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd0228e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fd0228e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Josef Grulich, Vaclav Cerny<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-545bb0a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"545bb0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Soldiers from the South of Bohemia in Polish Territories and Polish Soldiers in the South of Bohemia. The Military Service and Its Influence on the Structure of the Rural Family, 1780\u20131830<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-180e57a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"180e57a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\nThis paper will focus on changes in family structures related to enlisting in the military (as recruits) and leaving the military service (as invalids and veterans). During recruitment, nobility did not leave the initiative only to press-corp officers. Seigniorial officials sought to guarantee a steady influx of the population to the military service, especially by enlisting individuals from lower social strata whose future was uncertain. The aim of this research is to find out if different social classes (farmers, peasants, cottagers) needed to replace a recruit leaving their homestead by hired labour force. Not only invalids, but also other veterans argued about their poor health, frequent diseases and high age in requests for discharge. We will also devote attention to questions of geographical, spatial mobility and escape strategies (by deserters). These issues will be explored using archive materials including lists of subjects, parish registers, land registers and record materials. On the basis of the quantity and quality of extant sources and differences in settlement structure, two South Bohemian areas have been selected for the study: the estates of Protivin and Trebon.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3134063 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3134063\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Robert Frost<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42c3819 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"42c3819\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Renaissance Republicanism, Ius Gentium and Natural Law. The Polish-Lithuanian Republic and International Relations after 1569<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fce48de elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fce48de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">This paper will consider the theory and practice of diplomacy in the Commonwealth of the Two Nations after 1569. It will argue that the creation of one republic, comprising two states and two nations by the Union of Lublin, created considerable problems for the conduct of diplomacy in the context of the radical changes in the conduct of international relations in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7836b87 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7836b87\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kolja Lichy<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-334b7c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"334b7c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Monarchical Diplomacy? The Vasa Court between Dynastic Ties and Hierarchical Logics in Europe <\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0292e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f0292e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The international research discussions of recent decades on a \u201cnew diplomatic history\u201d have focused on the diversity of actors in early modern foreign relations and their diversified networks. In this context, the coherence of a supposed concept of the \u201cstate\u201d has also been repeatedly addressed. Against this background, the paper deals with the role that the royal court played in foreign relations in the Polish-Lithuanian context during the Vasa dynasty. In this context, I will discuss not only the question of actors and networks, but also the effects of a foreign policy \u2013 labelled as royal \u2013 on the perception and ability to act in the European framework. <\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f53f54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8f53f54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Karin Friedrich<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ae8808 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1ae8808\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Magnate Courts and Correspondence: The Communication Networks of Bogus\u0142aw Radziwi\u0142\u0142 (1620\u20131669) in Prussia and Lithuania<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-928cb2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"928cb2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Lithuanian magnate Bogus\u0142aw Radziwi\u0142\u0142 (1620\u20131669), son of a Hohenzollern princess and the Calvinist rebel Janusz Radziwi\u0142\u0142 (d.1620), is infamous as a \u201ctraitor\u201d for his collaboration with the Swedes during the \u201cDeluge\u201d of 1655\u20131660. Appointed first governor of the Duchy of Prussia in 1657 by Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, he was an ambitious ruler over large latifundia across the Lithuanian-Polish-Prussian borders. As a mostly absent landlord, he frequently travelled between his scattered properties, particularly his magnate courts at Bir\u017ce and Kiejdany (Bir\u017eai and K\u0117dainiai in present-day Lithuania), S\u0142uck (Slutsk in present-day Belarus) and several houses in Podlasie. At the same time, he had to rely on an unreliable postal service to communicate his political, diplomatic and economic instructions. This paper focuses on the correspondence between Radziwi\u0142\u0142 and several members of his court and patronage networks during the early 1660s. Practical issues ran alongside political and military information at a time of high political tension between Brandenburg-Prussia and Poland-Lithuania. The paper demonstrates the difficulties of an elite that was rich in assets but poor in cash, assessing the effectiveness of a parallel \u201cvirtual\u201d court that was created by the magnate\u2019s correspondence through his most trusted men between Lithuania and Ducal Prussia.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fb8696 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3fb8696\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Martin Rohde<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0478a95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0478a95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Scholars at War. Impacts of World War I on Western Ukrainian Knowledge Culture, 1914\u20131923<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ca56fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2ca56fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">This paper discusses World War I in its extended timespan as the crucial moment for the remaking of the Western Ukrainian intellectual landscape. The war allowed for great dreams and great disappointments, which greatly impacted the scholars involved in the \u201cWar of Spirits.\u201d I argue that the personal experience of the uprooted and partially displaced Ukrainian intelihentsia\/intelligentsia was a crucial factor for the development of Ukrainian modernist ideology.\nIn the first part of my paper, I will discuss how the experience of the intelihentsia was shaped by the escape from Galicia to Vienna before the Russian occupation, a return to Lemberg and finally the exodus from Lw\u00f3w, after the Polish occupation started to oppress Ukrainian science and education. This specific encounter with the occupation regime led some Ukrainian elites to believe that there was no hope of building a Ukrainian cultural centre in Poland. These episodes resulted in the making of the Western Ukrainian diaspora and its anti-Polish attitudes \u2013 in contrast to those who were more conservative and who stayed.\nIn the second part of my paper, I will analyse the connection of experience with the making of a new and yet unprecedented modernist ideology of the Ukrainian national project. Failed attempts at gaining independence (at least from Polish dominance) led scholars to suggest a modernist agenda, which problematised the \u201cdegeneration\u201d of the Ukrainian national body \u2013 primarily through inhabitants of cities and the intelihentsia itself. In that case, intelihentsia denoted the conservative part of the intellectual elites, which opposed modernist positions. The suggestion was to introduce \u201cnational biological politics,\u201d which would prevent \u201cracial mixture\u201d (with different ethnic groups in the city) and revitalise the national body through the idealisation of the \u201chealthy\u201d life of the people in the countryside. These attitudes significantly differentiated modernist scholars in the diaspora from those who stayed in Lw\u00f3w and tried to find their bearings in a landscape defined by extended Polish dominance, even though both groups commonly identified themselves as Ukrainians and cooperated on selected occasions.\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-926e272 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"926e272\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Heidi Hein-Kircher<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0f8ff8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a0f8ff8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Avoiding a Local Compromise: Local Politics in Lw\u00f3w\/Lviv since the Turn of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df12190 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"df12190\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Since the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, local politics had become an interesting field of action, and subsequently a competitive arena. The city councillors, most of them Poles, saw Lw\u00f3w\/Lviv as quintessentially Polish in character and claimed a leading influence on municipal matters. At the same time, they rebuffed similar Ruthenian claims to the city and saw them as a threat to its Polish character. The defence of the \u201cPolish character of Lw\u00f3w\/Lviv\u201d would recur in discussions about the election code reform from the second half of the 1900s. In the paper, I will discuss the refusal of the Polish political elites to reach a local compromise. I will elaborate on the strategies of local nationalist politics and focus on the debates regarding the revision of the electoral code. First, the legal framework of the 1870s statute will be explained, then the main provision of the electoral code and finally the debates on the code\u2019s reform. The paper is based on the findings published inmy book on Local Government in Lw\u00f3w\/Lviv under Habsburg rule (2020).<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33e7b58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"33e7b58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Iurii Zazuliak<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c4ebf1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8c4ebf1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Criminal Justice and Inter-Ethnic Relations in Early Modern Lw\u00f3w\/Lviv<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69b6f8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"69b6f8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The presentation examines the role of crime and criminal justice in shaping and transforming the boundaries between various ethnic and religious communities in early modern Lw\u00f3w\/Lviv. I argue that the institutions of criminal justice and practices of crime were involved in the preservation of the structures of dominance exercised by the Catholic majority. However, they simultaneously produced a paradoxical integrative effect that legitimised other ethnic and religious communities in the city. I also discuss the clash of legal norms and legal traditions of various ethnic and religious provenance. These norms and traditions served as the foundation of the criminal justice system and the negotiation of the meaning of crime.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-767a3ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"767a3ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jan B\u0142o\u0144ski<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0aa0f61 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0aa0f61\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Between Disappointment and Orientalisation. The Materiality of Polish-Lithuanian Taverns in Light of Foreign Travelogues and Local Inventories<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2e67fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d2e67fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The main purpose of my presentation is to establish the material side of a tavern: what the buildings looked like, how the space was organised and what their condition was. I would like to contrast and juxtapose the image and the function of taverns derived from the accounts that various travellers wrote during or after their visits with locally produced sources: economic instructions, contracts and inventories. Each type of source has its methodological limitations, tropes, as well as its own language, but the literary convention does not fully explain why taverns in Eastern Europe were regarded as being much worse than in the Western parts of the continent. Simple, raw, poorly equipped and heated buildings, often neglected by tavern keepers, estate holders and noblemen, in need of repair, infested with worms and bugs. On that score, they just resembled regular rural architecture and should be considered its peculiar specimen. Nevertheless, it seems that they met the needs of the local community, who sought a place to meet and spend time together and appreciated taverns as public spaces offering the availability of alcohol and other products, without any luxuries, which they did not know. \nHistorians of Western Europe may use paintings from the period to analyse the visual aspect of the taverns. These painting really show what the taverns looked like. Unfortunately, this is not the case for the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Only a few relevant popular illustrations are available, and they do not provide many details. Paintings depicting taverns are few and far between and they come mainly from the nineteenth century. The same could be said about open-air museums. Given the scarcity of visual sources, I will take a closer look at the specific literary primary sources that may also be used to explore the visual side of the taverns. I will also reflect upon the possible reasons for the miserable state of the taverns depicted in the primary sources.\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9cd1f73 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9cd1f73\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">J\u00fcrgen Heyde<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a49968d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a49968d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Legal Pluralism and Political Agency in a Multi-Ethnic Setting. Lw\u00f3w\/Lviv and Kamieniec\/Kamianets in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2b1621 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b2b1621\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Structures of self-government constitute an essential feature of early modern multi-ethnic societies. Those structures not only mirror ethnic diversity, but they also provide fields of opportunity for transcultural interaction among individual actors. The tension between intercultural normativity and transcultural practices raises the question of how legal pluralism shaped the constitution of multi-ethnic societies. The presentation examines how legal pluralism was used as a way to strengthen the position of non-dominant ethnic groups. It traces communicative processes leading to the establishment of structures of self-governance as well as transcultural entanglements in their functioning.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-464501e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"464501e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Emma Zohar<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-09894ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"09894ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">United by Pleasure: Overcoming the Ethnic Divide in Interwar Poland<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-182822f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"182822f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Practices of pleasure, such as fashion, culinary culture, interior design and vacationing have become accessible since the nineteenth century and gained much popularity after the First World War. The proposed lecture will seek to examine these practices among Jewish society in independent Poland, however not as an exclusively Jewish practice, but instead focusing on influences and contacts between Jews and non-Jews. The traditional historiography of Polish Jewry in modern times often seeks to emphasise the uniqueness of the Jewish experience in Poland, focusing on Jewish communities, movements, organisations and leaders. This approach is also consistent with the approach of the History of Emotions which aims to highlight the paramount importance of community affiliation in the adoption of emotional practices and emotional. However, Jews as an ethnic or national minority had an influence on and were influenced by the surrounding population. Those influences are noted not only at the political or ideological level, but also at the level of adopting emotional practices.\nThe proposed lecture will ask to examine the question: What made Jews happy? Was it different from what made Poles happy? I will do so by focusing on different practices of pleasure such as new-year parties, leisure sports, forms of entertainment, etc. These issues will challenge the idea of emotional community, as well as the traditional point of view of Jewish historiography, and will seek to assume a more universal approach to the study of independent Polish Jewry.\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc7ef1d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dc7ef1d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">R\u00f3bert Barta<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f25cc2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3f25cc2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Austrian Galicia in the Memory of the Hungarian Public Discourse of the Interwar Period<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c9e976 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4c9e976\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">I analyse the official (governmental) reactions of Hungary to transferring Gal\u00edcia from Austria-Hungary to Poland, and the reflections of the press and general public opinion on the subject. In addition, I emphasise the arrival of a new phenomenon to Hungary from interwar Gal\u00edcia, i.e. the so-called \u201cGal\u00edcian Jew,\u201d a new danger that soon became an inherent part of the Hungarian anti-Semitism of the time. I discuss these puzzling phenomena and approaches in the context of strong Polish-Hungarian relations of that period.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7eebf7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f7eebf7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aleksiej Wasiljew <\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8533ac6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8533ac6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Leon Wasilewski on the Borders of the Reborn Poland: The Intellectual Origins of a Political Project<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31c1337 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31c1337\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">For Polish society, a long time after the disappearance of Poland from the political map of Europe, the idea of returning to the borders of 1772 seemed the most obvious and fairest approach. However, with the development of the Ukrainian, Lithuanian and Belarusian national movements, this idea became increasingly unrealistic. In 1918, it was already clear that the new Poland would have to be \u201cinvented anew,\u201d taking into account the historical experience, political circumstances and theoretical concepts of the present. The paper is devoted to the views of Leon Wasilewski (1870\u20131936), one of the leading political activists of the period of the revival of the Polish state. For a long time, as a historian and ethnologist, he studied the problems of the history and culture of Eastern Europe. In 1918\u20131919, he served as Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs. Thus, it is worth examining the intellectual origins of Wasilewski\u2019s activity as one of the leading politicians of that period. It is also tempting to examine whether and how the ideas and concepts created by Polish intellectuals during the Partitions could stand the test of political reality.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad614c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ad614c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u0112riks J\u0113kabsons<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1426ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c1426ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Latvian-Polish Relations, 1919\u20131939: The Factor of Ethnic Minorities<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-855f7ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"855f7ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">During the interwar period, Latvia and Poland \u2013 two neighbouring countries \u2013 had relatively good political, military and economic relations. The factor of ethnic minorities played an important role in this dynamic. Latvia had a significant and historically developed Polish minority whose activities affected not only the development of Latvian society, but also Latvian-Polish relations. The Polish minority in Latvia played a part in the Polish-Latvian crises of 1921 and 1931. In general, however, the development of an active Polish minority was a positive phenomenon. The Polish minority may serve as a case study for the analysis of the role of ethnic minorities in international relations. Thus, the report will address the following issues: firstly, the role of the Polish minority in Polish-Latvian interstate relations; and, secondly, Latvia\u2019s views on the way Polish society handled ethnic minorities and the impact it had on the relations between the two countries. <\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91ec329 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"91ec329\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Isabelle Davion <\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5315d0f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5315d0f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Four Polands, One International System: Multicultural Polonia Restituta and the Peace Negotiations 1918\u20131921<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd33dcd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fd33dcd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Amidst all the arduous tasks facing the Peacemakers at the end of World War One, the Polish file presented specific issues. The three parts of the restored state and the Polish diaspora in France only added to the heterogeneous image of the country and its people. Given the conditions of that time, it was a daunting task to build an organised government machine and, most urgently, a united army that would be able to respond to the Soviet threat. The Allied and Associated Powers have different answers, but one single statement prevailed when it came to Poland: \u201ca nation struggling to become a state, with perhaps a greater number of more difficult problems than have ever been faced up any other nation at any one time\u201d (Hoover Archives, Hugh Gibson collection). <\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6dc5367 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6dc5367\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Dessberg<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f78e52 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7f78e52\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Culture and Politics. What Role Does Polish Multiculturalism Play in French-Polish Relations in the Interwar Period?<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b73697 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6b73697\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Polish culture of the Second Republic aroused interest from both the French political circles and public opinion. It was partly due to the fact that Polish migrants in France maintained a rich cultural activity. In other respects, the modernisation of Poland attracted the attention of French diplomats, businessmen and cultural circles. \nPolitically, a large part of the French public opinion was concerned about the fate of minorities in Poland, as in the whole of new Central Europe. Cultural issues were at the heart of this kind of concern. However, it is an open question to what extent multiculturalism in Poland was known in France, especially through artistic activities and, for instance, avant-garde movements. Reports from diplomats who were involved in cultural diplomacy practices, their accounts and those of journalists and politicians should help us investigate this question.\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce4a589 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ce4a589\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Petr Kaleta<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f400a9b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f400a9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Czechs as a Part of Multicultural Regions of Western Volhynia and Eastern Lesser Poland in 1918\u20131939<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1069a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b1069a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Interwar Poland was a state with many ethnic and religious groups. This phenomenon manifested itself very clearly especially in its eastern regions. Czechs from Volhynia and Eastern Lesser Poland (formerly Eastern Galicia) were also an integral part of interwar Poland. Czechs from Volhynia, whose number was around 25,000 in the early 1920s, were mainly engaged in agriculture or trade. The number of Czechs in Eastern Lesser Poland decreased significantly after World War I, but a compact group remained in Lw\u00f3w\/Lviv\/Lemberg, which paid considerable attention to enlightenment and cultural activities.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b87defa elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b87defa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Robert Pyrah<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-696ed7b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"696ed7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">From Hybrid Identity to \u201cSub-Culture\u201d? A Comparison of Identity Discourses for Two Minority Groups in Cities Where They Were Historical Majorities before World War II: Poles in Lviv\/Lw\u00f3w and Germans in Wroc\u0142aw\/Breslau (a Historical Perspective to the Mid-2010s)<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b236b4a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b236b4a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">This paper offers a fresh, comparative take on my previously published research (Ab Imperio and Nationalities Papers, both 2017). It examines the parallel case of two historically significant minorities from borderland cities where, until World War Two, there had been historical majorities: Poles in Lviv, Ukraine; and Germans in Wroclaw, Poland. The work is based on oral history research conducted in the mid-2010s in both cities, but also draws on archival material and wider discursive plus theoretical perspectives on minority identity. These include the historical, top-down framing of such populations in both a synchronic and diachronic perspective, plus a newer lens of \u201csub-culture,\u201d proposed as a means of defining groups that might elude both \u201cvertical\u201d definitions of ethnicity based on nationality and more traditional horizontal definitions around hyphenation or hybridity. While \u201csub-culture\u201d is a potential way for minority groups with hybrid identities to escape essentialising traps, as this paper shows, doing so depends on equally permissive political and social structures.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f2f708a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f2f708a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ihor \u017buk<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4346e87 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4346e87\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mixed Identities in the Milieu of Architects and Builders of Lviv\/Lw\u00f3w of the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century: Julian and Alfred Zachariewiczs, Ivan\/Jan Lewi\u0144ski, Tadeusz\/Tadei Obmi\u0144ski<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25e2452 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"25e2452\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">This paper presents the four most outstanding architects of Lviv\/Lw\u00f3w at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries. The members of this \u201cquartet\u201d are: Professor Julian Oktawian Zachariewicz (1837\u20131898), the founder of the local architectural school; Alfred Zachariewicz (1871\u20131937), Julian\u2019s son and the pioneer of reinforced-concrete construction technology in Galicia; Ivan Lewi\u0144ski (1851\u20131919), the most prominent construction entrepreneur of the \u201croyal capital city\u201d of Lviv; and Tadeusz Obmi\u0144ski (1874\u20131932), the leading designer of Lviv Art Nouveau buildings. The complex identities of these four creative individuals manifested themselves in different modes and resulted in variegated effects.\nThe extraordinary personality of Julian Zachariewicz, a model representative of nineteenth-century \u201cscientific\u201d historicism in architecture, reflects the mix of the national and confessional elements (worth mentioning is his conversion to the Augsburg Rite). Politically, Zachariewicz-senior sympathised with Galician liberal circles and the New Era policy; he was loyal to the Habsburg state. \nHis son Alfred, an architect immersed in Art Nouveau and early Modernist ideas, became heir of his father\u2019s professional fame. Simultaneously, he was poles apart with his father (reminiscent of Schorske\u2019s \u201coedipal revolt\u201d), which is best evidenced by his cultural and political predilections and the distinct professional creed.\nFrom 1880 to1910, Ivan\/Jan Lewi\u0144ski enjoyed the double \u201carchitect-builder\u201d status. His ambivalent position in the Ukrainian-Polish borderland was determined by his family circumstances (interestingly, his brother was a veteran of the January Uprising). However, in 1919, Professor Lewi\u0144ski refused to sign the civil-servant declaration of allegiance to the Second Polish Republic. \nThings looked similar with Tadeusz\/Tadei Obmi\u0144ski\u2019s identity: around 1905, the Polish architect acted as the creator of the national\/\u201cnationalist\u201d style of Ukrainian architecture in its Galician version.\nDuring the fin-de-si\u00e8cle period and in the course of subsequent historical cataclysms, each of these four architects was bound to experience a crisis of his mixed identity, and in most cases \u2013 its dramatic collapse.\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9138b30 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9138b30\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jekaterina Merkuljeva<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c255ca6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c255ca6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How Forced Migration from Poland-Lithuania to the Ottoman Empire Contributed to the Development of Traductology at the Turn of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2e2904 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e2e2904\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">In the course of research devoted to the works of Jan Charowski Papazzade (my PhD thesis topic at the IH PAN), the translator of oriental languages for Adam Miko\u0142aj Sieniawski (the Grand Hetman of the Polish Crown in 1706\u20131726), material was accumulated that testifies to the extensive staff of Oriental translators in the service of the influential Polish magnate, including Armenians, Greeks, Vlachs, Poles, Polonised Turks and Rusyns. The hetman appointed city interpreters in Lw\u00f3w\/Lviv to work with oriental merchants, and he also recommended interpreters to ambassadors heading to the Crimea and the Ottoman Empire. The hetman needed translators to receive Tatar and Turkish envoys, to correspond with his eastern neighbours and to buy Oriental luxury goods.\nThe prosopographical method made it possible to identify the typical career path of Hetman Sieniawski\u2019s oriental translators: military people on the south-eastern borders of the Commonwealth were captured; they learned Tatar or Turkish as prisoners; after being ransomed from captivity, they returned to their homeland and applied the acquired knowledge in practice, working in the royal and hetman\u2019s offices. Many translators of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries participated in the battles of the Polish-Turkish wars and were inducted into the noble class for military merit. This is how a new elite, the military intelligentsia, was formed.\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2bc4265 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2bc4265\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Gell\u00e9rt Ern\u0151 Marton<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6be6b03 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6be6b03\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Clashes and Meeting of Cultures \u2013 Close and Far Neighbourhoods: Frontier Affairs and Emigration from the Early Modern Age, to the Modern Age<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16db6a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"16db6a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">During the last decades of the sixteenth century and the first third of the seventeenth century, the Principality of Transylvania played a special role. On the frontier of the Christian and Muslim world, the small principality was a key factor stabilising the entire region of East-Central Europe. The presentation focuses on the reign of Prince G\u00e1bor Bethlen (r. 1613\u20131629), most notably his diplomacy. Several aspects of it are revealed, a wide range of sources are available. Beside his Habsburg, Ottoman and West European relationships, one should pay more attention to Bethlen\u2019s Polish relationships through archival sources. This presentation provides insights into the first steps of a research activity that aims to collect archival sources of G\u00e1bor Bethlen\u2019s diplomatic pursuits at this time, with special attention to archival materials found in archives in Krak\u00f3w. This research is based on Jerzy Snopek\u2019s article: \u201cBethlen G\u00e1bor a lengyel forr\u00e1sokban \u2013 bibliogr\u00e1fiai v\u00e1zlat\u201d (\u201cG\u00e1bor Bethlen in Polish Manuscripts: A Bibliographical draft.). Based on this and my previous archival research in Krak\u00f3w, I have collected archival materials concerning Prince G\u00e1bor Bethlen in the Jagiellonian Library, Scientific Library of the PAAS and the PAS in Krak\u00f3w and Princes Czartoryski Library.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e0a8e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5e0a8e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Yauheni Dudkin<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63c76e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"63c76e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Polish Parliamentarians of the Second Polish Republic from the North-Eastern Territories: Statistics and Analysis (1919\u20131939)<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48516b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"48516b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">In the interwar period, all the inhabitants of the north-eastern part of the Polish Second Republic could defend their interests and fight for their rights through representatives in the parliament. It is important to admit that the boycott, joined by the majority of the Belarusians, of the 1919 Polish parliamentary election and the 1922 Vilnius parliamentary election moved voters from the north-eastern region of interwar Poland, who were mostly of Belarusian origin, to the Polish political forces. In Belarusian historiography, the parliamentary activities of the members of parliament from the interwar period are yet to be fully analysed.\nArguably, the lack of experience in parliamentary activities, low education levels and the particular ambitions of some Belarusian politicians were the main reasons for the failure of Belarusians in Polish parliamentary elections in the years 1922\u20131927. However, educated and popular personalities in the region also ran for parliament and they were able to garner support from Poles that lived in the north-eastern part of the Polish Second Republic. These personalities became the heroes of Belarusian national historiography. R. Skirmuntt, a senator in the Polish Second Republic and prime minister of the Belarusian People\u2019s Republic, is a case in point.\nThe parliamentary activity of Deputy G. Szymanowski during the third, fourth and fifth term of the Sejm shows that some Polish politicians understood the multinational character of the Northeast territories. Only one person from those who entered the Sejm from the constituency of the Northeast territories was not related to this region by birth or residence. Twelve people from the Northeast territories entered the first term parliament, eleven persons the second term, six people the third term, no one entered the fourth term, and two people entered the fifth term.\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c653e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4c653e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stanis\u0142aw Apri\u0142aszwili<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3c452c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f3c452c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Polish Diaspora Policy of the Third Polish Republic in the Opinion of Its Addressees <\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-745b66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"745b66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">According to the estimates of the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 18\u201320 million people claiming to be of Polish origin live worldwide. Immediately after 1989, the issues of the Polish diaspora became an inseparable element of Polish foreign policy.\nCurrently, Polish diaspora policy is focused on subsidising diaspora organisations and on activities that encourage Poles to stay in their countries of residence, thereby maintaining a steady number Polish communities abroad. Although numerous educational programmes, e.g. scholarships for people of Polish origin to study in Poland, encourage Polish immigrants to stay in Poland, such activities, by implication, aim to return these people to their countries of origin and promote Poland there.\nI chose this topic to discuss the gaps in the political approach to Polish diaspora issues. The topic of the research reflects my interest in the affairs of the Polish diaspora and Poles abroad among Polish authorities and governmental and non-governmental organisations, which is growing every year. \nThe study attempts to outline the basic directions of the development of Polish diaspora policy, as well as its reception among its addressees. The following question was defined as a research hypothesis: is Polish diaspora policy effective and are people of Polish origin abroad suitably supported by the Polish government?\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-379af9c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"379af9c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Izabella Korchagina<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f021ea1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f021ea1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Good Deeds of King Jagie\u0142\u0142o: On Dynastic and Diplomatic Relations between Poland and Wallachia<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ff3094 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0ff3094\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">At the turn of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the hospodars of Wallachia were vassals to Polish kings, who often interfered with the internal affairs of the principality. The primary goal of these actions was to save Wallachia from an alliance with its mighty western neighbours: Hungary and the Holy Roman Empire. Hostilities with the rebelling Vlachs, the Polish blockade of the Kiliia harbour and the subsequent suspension of international trade on the River Danube (1429\u20131430) aggravated the old conflict between Poland and Germany. This led to a clash between two centres of power: King W\u0142adys\u0142aw Jagie\u0142\u0142o of Poland and Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund of Luxembourg, the two mighty rulers of Central and Western Europe. \nThe archive records of these events have survived only in parts. However, new light on this conflict might be shed by adopting the perspective of the hospodars of Wallachia, the rulers of a country that was previously seen as the object rather than the subject of the political affairs outlined above. Simultaneously, the analysis of Polish sources might help fill the gaps in the chronology of Wallachia, whose diplomatic and genealogical ties with Poland and Lithuania are much closer than it was formerly believed. \nThe source basis for such investigations should include the documents directly related to the negotiations between Jagie\u0142\u0142o and Sigismund of Luxembourg and relevant texts from the years that preceded and followed these developments. This would undoubtedly help to outline the context of those events.\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7eac455 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7eac455\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aldona Pra\u0161mantait\u0117<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-537c869 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"537c869\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Vilnius University and the Warsaw Society of Friends of Sciences (1800\u20131832)<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-537abee elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"537abee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The Warsaw Society of Friends of Sciences (1800\u20131832; from 1808, the Royal Warsaw Society of Friends of Sciences) was one of the first scientific associations in the territories of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Throughout its entire activity, it gathered both professional scientists from various fields and people merely interested in science, who were called friends of science. The members of the Society were associated with various circles and hailed from various areas of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. A large group of its active members were people from the clergy. The Roman Catholic clergy of the Vilnius Diocese also left their mark in the history of the Society. Some of them were professionally associated with the University of Vilnius (e.g. the astronomer Marcin Poczobut-Odlanicki, the botanist Bonifacy Stanis\u0142aw Jundzi\u0142\u0142 or the mathematician Franciszek Narwojsz). Others, such as Franciszek Ksawery, Micha\u0142 Bohusz or Jan Nepomucen Kossakowski belonged to the circles of the diocese hierarchy at that time. They all shared a passion for science and a desire to spread scientific knowledge among the public. In the paper, on the basis of identified figures of the clergy from the Vilnius Diocese associated with the Society, a picture of their activity as members of this association will be sketched in general figures. The degree of their involvement will be examined with the presentation of organisational work and a discussion of the main thematic directions they pursued as part of their relationship with the Society. The Society cared for the preservation of the native language, literature and national traditions, and encouraged researching the history of nations, especially those that had a common homeland with the Polish nation. The Society also showed interest in the history and language of the Lithuanian nation. The academic staff of Vilnius University contributed to the genesis of the work on the history of the Lithuanian nation and language. The author of the dissertation On the Beginnings of the Lithuanian Nation and Language (1808) was Bohusz, a clergyman from the Vilnius Diocese, who wrote it as part of his activity in the Society. Research conducted so far shows that it was his dissertation that inspired interest in the Lithuanian language and the history of the Lithuanian nation among contemporary scientific circles. The state of research on the issue shows that most of the clergy from the Vilnius Diocese involved in the Society\u2019s activities were associated with the Vilnius intellectual centre.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b5d52f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0b5d52f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Assem Kairatkyzy<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e8a942 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0e8a942\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Comparative Analysis of the Polish-Kazakh Linguistic Worldview <\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b4b33f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b4b33f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The article is devoted to the Polish-Kazakh comparative analyses of the somatic phraseological unit with the component \u201cskin.\u201d Phraseological units with the component \u201cskin\u201d are the material to identify the universal and national features inherent in the archaic cultural and linguistic consciousness of the structure of the human body, and to reveal the national specificity and universality of human perception of reality, as well as the Linguistic Worldview of these units in the languages compared. The theoretical significance of the research is the fact that its scientific results and conclusions can be used in further research related to the Linguistic Worldview of the Slavs or Turks. The results of the research can be used in the creation of textbooks and educational books on the linguacultural and cognitive linguistics of Turkic and Slavic studies.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-febd077 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"febd077\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Adam \u015awi\u0105tek<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b63a1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5b63a1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Hybrid Identities as a Subject of Biographical Research in the Cultural Borderland. Case Studies of Galicia. Introduction<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9951265 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9951265\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A characteristic feature of the borderlands is the complex intercultural relations that occur in the communities inhabiting them. Galicia is the best example of this phenomenon in Polish history. For almost a century and a half, Poles, Ruthenians (Ukrainians) and Jews, as well as immigrants (Germans, Czechs) and representatives of minor ethnic groups (Armenians, Karaites, Romani people), functioned within one administrative and political body, sharing the same space and institutions. Throughout the twentieth century, but also today, national historiographies have often described the fate of communities inhabiting Galicia either as almost non-interacting \u201cparallel worlds\u201d or through the prism of inevitable conflict. In recent decades, this horizontal perception of multi-ethnic Galicia has been slowly superseded by an attempt at a vertical view. This historiographical breakthrough made researchers interested in people\u2019s fate and their contacts with representatives of neighbourly cultures. Historians found it challenging to explore aspects that build an individual\u2019s identity: imaginations, beliefs and thoughts. In other words, identity has ceased to be only a static feature of a described individual. It has become a dynamic research object that allows for the answering of many critical questions about its dynamics and the factors influencing its evolution. Historians also face a multiplicity of identities in the borderland: a person could function in parallel systems of values and beliefs, not breaking with any of them. However, this world of hybrid identities (e.g. gente Rutheni, natione Poloni; Polish Jews and Armenians, half-Polonised Czechs and Germans) could only exist for a particular time. The phenomenon had its heyday in the mid-nineteenth century, and it slowly declined with the development of modern nationalism. The closer to the end of the nineteenth century, and especially in the first half of the twentieth century, the greater the decline of the number of cases representing the so-called hybrid (multi-level) identity.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3a177d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a3a177d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">B\u00f6rries Kuzmany<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d68137f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d68137f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Galician Culture and Identity: Cultures and Identities in Galicia<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cda4a3c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cda4a3c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">This paper investigates Habsburg Galicia as a multi-lingual, multi-confessional and multi-spatial province. While this certainly testified to the region\u2019s cultural diversity, this diversity should not be seen as a mere compilation of separate Polish, Ruthenian\/Ukrainian, Jewish and other national cultures. Instead, I suggest analysing the common, cross-national features that developed in Galicia as a consequence of its being an administrative entity between 1772 and 1918 and, simultaneously, being part of imperial Habsburg culture. I investigate protagonists, topics and phenomena that appeared in literature, the arts, music and architecture produced in Galicia. Not ignoring the cross-border national cultures of Poles, Ukrainians and Jews, I will also indicate how much these nationalising cultures resembled each other in their nationalising strategies. I argue that Galicia was not only a multi-cultured land, but also a region that had developed a distinct hybrid Galician culture.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c18b8d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c18b8d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Petro Siredzhuk <\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3da3309 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3da3309\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">On the Identity of the Hutsul Population at the Turn of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Ukrainians, Poles, Armenians, Germans and Jews<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfd44f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dfd44f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Not many Polish people lived in the Hutsul Region. The biggest communities were in towns such as Delyatyn, Nadvirna, Yabluniv, Pistin, Kosiv and Kuty and the villages of Pistin and Rozhniv. One to three Polish families lived in several other villages of the Hutsul Region. In order not to lose their national identity, Polish people built Roman Catholic cathedrals and founded schools. Later, in 1867, the Polish language became the second official language in this region. Therefore, the Polish community was not threatened by denationalisation. \nIn the first half of the seventeenth century, Jews began to settle in this region. Their dispersed families were controlled by city kahals. In order to preserve their national identity, the cities and large villages had small private religious cheder schools, and the cities had private secular schools of the Baron Hirsch Foundation. Jews spoke Ukrainian, Polish and German well. When census records were completed, Jews called themselves Jews. However, sometimes they said they were Ukrainian, Polish or German and in this way the results of the population census were not correct.\nArmenians appeared in the Hutsul Region at the beginning of the eighteenth century. With one distinct Armenian community in Kuty, individual Armenians lived in several Hutsul villages. The Armenian community in Kuty was first mentioned in 1717. It was the largest Armenian community in Eastern Galicia. \nGerman people began to arrive in the Hutsul Region when its territory became part of the Austria-Hungarian Empire. The first settlers were government officials. Subsequently, ordinary people from Galician German colonies began to settle in the region. \nTo summarise, we can state that before World War One, Ukrainians, Poles, Jews and Armenians preserved their national identity. The few Germans in the region in turn lost their national identity.\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-191a684 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"191a684\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Paul R. Hulsenboom<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89653d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"89653d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u201cA cruel monument to Mars\u201d: Catholic and Protestant Polish Perspectives on the Eighty Years\u2019 War <\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9a6b52 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f9a6b52\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">This paper presents a case study of the diverse literary ways in which Poles responded to the Eighty Years\u2019 War. Specifically, it discusses several highly differing poems by Polish authors on one of the pivotal battles of the conflict: the Siege of Oostende (1601\u20131604). The poems are important yet so far unstudied Polish literary reactions to Eighty Years\u2019 War, and they tie in with contemporary European discourses on the battle. The paper shows how Poles actively engaged with and took sides in the Dutch-Spanish conflict \u2013 if not by their swords, then by their quills \u2013 and considers the authors\u2019 possible motives and the poems\u2019 societal functions. The poems\u2019 authors are a certain Krzysztof Jurgiewicz, the Socinian theologian Samuel Przypkowski, and the likewise Socinian poet Zbigniew Morsztyn, who translated Przypkowski\u2019s Latin verses into Polish. These compositions are excellent examples of the two ways in which the Siege of Oostende was poetically framed, not just in Poland, but in Europe as a whole: whereas Jurgiewicz repeats the jubilant Catholic discourse, Przypkowski and Morsztyn adhere to the interpretation of Hugo Grotius and other Protestant commentators. Moreover, a closer look at one particular Socinian manuscript provides an insight into the use of Przypkowski\u2019s and Morsztyn\u2019s poems in seventeenth-century Poland, as well as the role Oostende played in the cultural memory of the Polish Brethren.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ace8b3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8ace8b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Frank Rochow<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f30a141 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f30a141\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Accommodating the Nation within the Empire. The Negotiations between Central State Authorities and Local Stakeholders about the Fortification at Ko\u015bciuszko Mound in Krak\u00f3w in the 1850s<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff8971f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ff8971f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">After the annexation of the Free City of Krak\u00f3w by the Habsburg Monarchy in 1846, the central organs attempted to incorporate new lands into the already existing state. From the beginning, this included a strong military dimension which led to a rise of military presence in Krak\u00f3w that was further boosted after the revolutionary events of 1848. \nHenceforth, a fortification system was erected around the city. The most important fort of this system was erected around Ko\u015bciuszko Mound, a symbolic landmark for Polish nationalists \u2013  an artificial mound created in the 1820s to commemorate the national hero Tadeusz Ko\u015bciuszko and sitting on top of Krak\u00f3w\u2019s Sikornik Hill. In this paper, it will be examined how diametrically opposed interests around this particular geographical point were negotiated between two seemingly unequal parties: the Habsburg Empire and the Polish national movement. The compromise that was finally reached shows the inner workings of the Habsburg conflict management practices; it also shows the extent to which the ruling elite could accommodate national interests within the neo-Absolutist state of the 1850s.\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3df23b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3df23b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Christoph Augustynowicz <\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eba6113 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"eba6113\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Indywiduum i miasto na granicy galicyjskiej: Dialog czy monologi? Jan S\u0142omka jako bywalec pogranicza w Sandomierzu\nThe Individual and the City on the Galician Border: A Dialogue or Monologues? Jan S\u0142omka as a Border Visitor to Sandomierz\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b0202d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0b0202d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Niniejszy referat podejmuje kwesti\u0119 funkcjonowania specyficznych miejsc jakimi s\u0105 przej\u015bcie graniczne oraz granica w kontek\u015bcie \u015brodkowo-wschodnio-europejskim, w drugiej po\u0142owie XIX wieku w relacjach pomi\u0119dzy dwoma historycznymi nosicielami to\u017csamo\u015bci. Z jednej strony jest to \u017cyj\u0105cy w Dzikowie w Galicji pod panowaniem habsburskim Jan S\u0142omka, z drugiej strony miasto Sandomierz, po\u0142o\u017cone w Kr\u00f3lestwie Polskim, wchodz\u0105ce w sk\u0142ad Imperium Rosyjskiego. Problematyka granica\/przestrze\u0144\/graniczna\/przej\u015bcie graniczne analizowana jest w tym kontek\u015bcie z perspektyw mikrohistorii i historii \u017cycia codziennego, czy te\u017c \u015bwiata prze\u017cywanego (Lebenswelt), pod wzgl\u0119dem strukturalnym i funkcjonalnym. Granica oddzia\u0142uje nie tylko jako bariera, ale zarazem jako strefa integruj\u0105ca.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb57048 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cb57048\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Petr Kaleta<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87b3162 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"87b3162\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Assimilation versus Acculturation: Polish Karaites in the Pages of the Journal \u201cMy\u015bl Karaimska\u201d<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f312f8d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f312f8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">As a national and religious group, the Karaites were an integral part of Polish history. Three important Karaite centres, Trakai, Lutsk and Halych, were included within the borders of the Republic of Poland reborn in 1918. Polish society and Polish culture exerted a great influence on the religious, cultural and scientific life of the Karaite population. In 1924, the first Karaite periodical in Polish, My\u015bl Karaimska (only a small number of articles were published in Karaite), began to appear. The periodical became an important source showing the assimilation and acculturation processes that affected Karaite life in Poland during the period of its publication (with interruptions between 1924 and 1947).<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b5c88c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4b5c88c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Jawad Daheur <\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b532fe5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b532fe5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">From Wood to Coal? Local Variabilities and Cultural Backgrounds of Fuelling Practices in the Polish Countryside (19th Century)<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f210382 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f210382\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">In the course of the 19th century, the Polish lands experienced profound changes in the use of fuels. Fuel was a basis for everyday life and economic development. It was valued not only for warmth, but also cooking, illumination as well as handicraft and industrial processes. With a certain delay compared to Western Europe, partitioned Poland has been characterized by a declining share of fuels derived from the organic economy and an increasing share of fossil fuels (coal, lignite, and to a lesser extent oil in Galicia). At the end of the century, however, fossil fuels were still mostly used in larger or smaller cities connected to the railway network. While coal tended to become the hegemonic fuel in Polish urban environments, types of fuels used in the countryside remained much more diverse and were marked by great regional variability. Not only firewood, but also peat and all kinds of agricultural and livestock residues were used by the rural population. The central hypothesis of this paper is that this heterogeneity of local practices was not only driven by variations in the availability of resources and the efficiency of distribution networks, but also by a set of cultural practices and imaginaries. Fuels acted both a key factor in the economy and the foundation of particular cultures and ways of life, of which contours, issues and developments can be studied. In dialogue with ongoing international scholarship in the cultural and environmental history of energy, this paper aims at offering a comparative micro-history of fuel use in Polish rural households, based on several cases in different geographical contexts. <\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ddeccbc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ddeccbc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Iryna \u0141ozy\u0144ska<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-16f34ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"16f34ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rosyjskie w\u0142adze okupacyjne okresu Pierwszej wojny \u015bwiatowej a heterogeniczno\u015b\u0107 kulturowa Wschodniej Galicji\nRussian Occupation Authorities during World War I and the Cultural Heterogeneity of Eastern Galicia\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af7bdea elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"af7bdea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"> Pierwsza wojna \u015bwiatowa, kt\u00f3ra znamionowa\u0142a przej\u015bcie ludzko\u015bci od jednej historycznej epoki do drugiej, jest jednym z najistotniejszych wydarze\u0144 w historii, kt\u00f3rych wp\u0142yw odczuwalny jest do dzi\u015b. Galicja by\u0142a jednym z region\u00f3w, w kt\u00f3rych \u015bciera\u0142y si\u0119 interesy Imperium Rosyjskiego i pa\u0144stw Bloku Centralnego, na terenie kt\u00f3rego w okresie okupacji rosyjskiej utworzono tymczasowe rosyjskie gubernatorstwa wojskowe, kt\u00f3re sta\u0142y si\u0119 form\u0105 w\u0142adzy cywilnej na ziemiach \u00abzaj\u0119te przez prawo wojny\u00bb. Galicyjska przestrze\u0144 spo\u0142eczna zawsze by\u0142a wielokulturowa i wielonarodowa. Wiele dyskusji odbywa\u0142o si\u0119 w kontek\u015bcie homogeniczno\u015bci i heterogeniczno\u015bci regionu. Galicja jako region na pograniczu imperi\u00f3w i narod\u00f3w podlega\u0142a r\u00f3\u017cnym programom asymilacji poprzez \u00abenkulturacj\u0119\u00bb lub \u00abzaw\u0142aszczenie\u00bb.\nPrzygotowuj\u0105c wkroczenie do Galicji, rosjanie musieli zastanowi\u0107 si\u0119 nad taktyk\u0105 polityczn\u0105, kt\u00f3ra mog\u0142aby by\u0107 najbardziej skuteczna. Kamieniem w\u0119gielnym sta\u0142y si\u0119 kwestie polskiej autonomii i \u00abproblemu ukrai\u0144skiego\u00bb. Kwestia polska mia\u0142a charakter \u015bci\u015ble polityczny i mog\u0142a by\u0107 cz\u0119\u015bciowo rozwi\u0105zana za pomoc\u0105 \u015brodk\u00f3w administracyjnych, natomiast problem ukrai\u0144ski okaza\u0142 si\u0119 by\u0107 prawie nie do rozwi\u0105zania.\nUkrai\u0144com rosyjskie w\u0142adze okupacyjne od samego pocz\u0105tku da\u0142y do zrozumienia, \u017ce nie mog\u0105 liczy\u0107 na ich tolerancyjno\u015b\u0107. Oznacza\u0142o to, \u017ce dla rz\u0105du rosyjskiego Ukrai\u0144cy w gruncie rzeczy nie istnieli. Polityka w\u0142adz rosyjskich wobec Polak\u00f3w po zaj\u0119ciu kraju by\u0142a niejednoznaczna. Prze\u015bladowania Niemc\u00f3w, mimo \u017ce stanowili niewielki procent ludno\u015bci, trwa\u0142y do ostatnich dni rosyjskiej okupacji. Podobnie jak Niemc\u00f3w i Ukrai\u0144c\u00f3w, rosyjskie w\u0142adze okupacyjne prze\u015bladowali \u017byd\u00f3w. Wsz\u0119dzie dochodzi\u0142o do \u017cydowskich pogrom\u00f3w i \u017byd\u00f3w masowo wyp\u0119dzano na wygnanie do Rosji.\nGenera\u0142-gubernator Galicji, hrabia Georgij Bobry\u0144ski, obsadzi\u0142 swoj\u0105 administracj\u0119 rusofilami galicyjskimi, kt\u00f3rzy otrzymali dyrektywy zniszczy\u0107 zwolennik\u00f3w Mazepy, czyli Ukrai\u0144c\u00f3w. \u00abKoniec z ukrai\u0144sko\u015bci\u0105!\u00bb \u2013 takie by\u0142o has\u0142o rosyjskiej administracji. \nRozpowszechnienie j\u0119zyka rosyjskiego, kt\u00f3ry rosyjscy urz\u0119dnicy traktowali jako narz\u0119dzie do zjednoczenia Wschodniej Galicji z Imperium Rosyjskim, wywar\u0142o du\u017cy wp\u0142yw na sferze s\u0105downictwa i edukacji narodowej na wszystkich poziomach.\nIntelektuali\u015bci i politycy rosyjscy opowiadali si\u0119 za \u00abrosyjsko\u015bci\u0105\u00bb Galicji, niemniej wszystkie ich koncepcje styka\u0142y si\u0119 z problemem Cerkwi Greckokatolickiej. Uznanie jakichkolwiek element\u00f3w ukrai\u0144skiej to\u017csamo\u015bci zagra\u017ca\u0142o zagranicznej polityce Rosji, albowiem mog\u0142o doprowadzi\u0107 do kryzysu rosyjskiej to\u017csamo\u015bci imperialnej. Politycy rosyjscy doskonale zdawali sobie spraw\u0119, \u017ce przynale\u017cno\u015b\u0107 do Cerkwi Greckokatolickiej jest jednym z najwa\u017cniejszych kryteri\u00f3w samoidentyfikacji Ukrai\u0144c\u00f3w galicyjskich, dlatego szczeg\u00f3ln\u0105 wag\u0119 w\u0142adze rosyjskie przywi\u0105zywa\u0142y do polityki cerkiewnej. \nDlatego rosyjska polityka imperialna nie mog\u0142a si\u0119 pogodzi\u0107 z \u017cadn\u0105 heterogeniczno\u015bci\u0105 i wielokulturowo\u015bci\u0105, dlatego g\u0142\u00f3wnymi metodami dzia\u0142ania rosyjskiego okupanta by\u0142y metody totalnej rusyfikacji we wszystkich sferach.\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6453b50 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6453b50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Natailia Starchenko<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5cdda61 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5cdda61\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">W\u0142adza autorytetu czy w\u0142adza autorytarna: wzorce i rzeczywisto\u015b\u0107 w relacjach \u201cpan-s\u0142uga\u201d na dworze szlacheckim (Wo\u0142y\u0144 i Kijowszczyzna w latach 1566-1648)<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-544a783 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"544a783\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kwestia stosunk\u00f3w mi\u0119dzy cz\u0142onkami wsp\u00f3lnot szlacheckich na r\u00f3\u017cnych poziomach hierarchii w\u0142adzy jest \u015bci\u015ble zwi\u0105zana z problemem charakteru w\u0142adzy we wczesnonowoczesnej spo\u0142eczno\u015bci. \u00d3w \u015bwiat istnia\u0142 jako mnogo\u015b\u0107 hierarchii, a na ich powstawanie i funkcjonowanie mia\u0142y wp\u0142yw nie tylko czynniki materialne, ale tak\u017ce i to, jak ludzie wyobra\u017cali sobie porz\u0105dek i do jakich wa\u017cnych wzorc\u00f3w spo\u0142ecznych si\u0119 odwo\u0142ywali. Dlatego przy badaniu stosunk\u00f3w w\u0142adzy i podporz\u0105dkowania ogromne znaczenie zyskuje retoryka, do kt\u00f3rej ucieka\u0142y si\u0119 r\u00f3\u017cne strony w sytuacjach konfliktowych (legitymizuj\u0105c w\u0142adz\u0119 \u2013 podwa\u017caj\u0105c j\u0105). To w\u0142a\u015bnie spo\u0142eczne znaczenia u\u017cywanego j\u0119zyka znajd\u0105 si\u0119 w centrum uwagi.\nJak pokazuj\u0105 konflikty, w kt\u00f3rych centrum znajdowa\u0142y si\u0119 interesy pana i jego szlacheckich s\u0142ug, na \u201edobre imi\u0119\u201d patrona w du\u017cym stopniu sk\u0142ada\u0142y si\u0119 jego stosunki z osobami zale\u017cnymi. W tych stosunkach mo\u017cliwo\u015bci patrona ogranicza\u0142 \u201ekodeks dobrego szlachcica\u201d, zgodnie z kt\u00f3rym musia\u0142 on by\u0107 nie tylko sprawiedliwy, ale tak\u017ce mi\u0142osierny wobec os\u00f3b ode\u0144 zale\u017cnych. Przestrzegania tej zasady z uwag\u0105 pilnowa\u0142a wsp\u00f3lnota szlachecka, zazwyczaj wyst\u0119puj\u0105ca w roli po\u015brednika w przypadku konfliktu mi\u0119dzy panem a s\u0142ug\u0105. Naruszenie przyj\u0119tych zasad grozi\u0142o szlachcicowi utrat\u0105 \u201edobrego imienia\u201d, a takie honorowe powi\u0105zania mi\u0119dzy r\u00f3\u017cni\u0105cymi si\u0119 statusem osobami sprawia\u0142y, \u017ce pozycje w\u0142adzy by\u0142y niestabilne.\nW centrum uwagi znajduj\u0105 si\u0119 wi\u0119c kwestie zwi\u0105zane z realizacj\u0105 w\u0142adzy w skali mikro, w granicach dworu szlacheckiego, lub nieco szerzej \u2013 w obr\u0119bie grupy os\u00f3b, stanowi\u0105cych grup\u0119 quasi-rodzinn\u0105. A najwa\u017cniejsze pytania dotyczy\u0107 b\u0119d\u0105 problem\u00f3w korzystania z w\u0142adzy i jej utrzymywania, w szczeg\u00f3lno\u015bci manipulowania dyskursami, zwi\u0105zanymi z dobrym imieniem i honorem szlacheckim. To w\u0142a\u015bnie ten niedookre\u015blony czynnik \u2013 reputacja \u2013 m\u00f3g\u0142 podwa\u017ca\u0107 hierarchie w\u0142adzy, a tak\u017ce zmusza\u0142 silnych tego \u015bwiata do dzia\u0142ania w granicach powszechnie przyj\u0119tych warto\u015bci.\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e59415 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7e59415\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Arkusha Olena<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6074aa6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6074aa6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Cities, Towns and Villages in Eastern Galicia at the Turn of the 19th and 20th Centuries: Traditions in the Face of Cultural and Modernising Transformations<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12b1e78 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"12b1e78\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Prowincja Wschodniogalicyjska d\u0142ugo zachowywa\u0142a przywi\u0105zanie do tradycyjnego stylu \u017cycia. Stabilno\u015b\u0107 t\u0119 zapewnia\u0142o kilka \u015brodowisk spo\u0142ecznych, oddzielonych od reszty \u015bwiata barierami mentalnymi. Przede wszystkim dw\u00f3r pozosta\u0142 filarem konserwatyzmu. W p\u0142aszczy\u017anie ideologicznej t\u0142umaczy\u0142o si\u0119 to potrzeb\u0105 pe\u0142nienia misji cywilizacyjno-kulturowej. Zaskakuj\u0105co odporne okaza\u0142o si\u0119 \u015brodowisko drobnej szlachty, kt\u00f3re niewiele r\u00f3\u017cni\u0142o si\u0119 od otoczenia, a jednak podkre\u015bla\u0142o to\u017csamo\u015b\u0107 przez elementy kultury codziennej. Rodziny ksi\u0119\u017cy greckokatolickich dziedziczy\u0142y parafie i broni\u0142y tradycje \u201estarej Rusi\u201d. W spo\u0142eczno\u015bci \u017cydowskiej uzasadniano tradycjonalizm tym, \u017ce lepiej skupi\u0107 si\u0119 na wyje\u017adzie do ojczyzny, ni\u017c na anga\u017cowaniu si\u0119 w sprawy galicyjskie. Ch\u0142opi r\u00f3wnie\u017c wykazywa\u0142y odporno\u015b\u0107 na zmiany. Bohaterka powie\u015bci \u201eMa\u0142\u017ce\u0144stwo mieszane\u201d. Wojciecha Dzieduszyckiego, m\u0142oda dziewczyna, odczuwa\u0142a  up\u0142yw czasu na wsi jako niezmienny, w kt\u00f3rym nic nie mog\u0142o si\u0119 ju\u017c wydarzy\u0107. \nFale modernizacji, pod kt\u00f3rych znakiem min\u0105\u0142 wiek XIX, dotkn\u0119\u0142y tak\u017ce prowincji galicyjskiej. Jedna zmiana powodowa\u0142a inne. Kultura miejska, instytucje edukacyjne i naukowe, biurokracja i \u015brodowiska zawodowe sta\u0142y si\u0119 \u201emiejscem spotka\u0144\u201d os\u00f3b z zamkni\u0119tych grup spo\u0142ecznych. Niekt\u00f3re zmiany, jak ustawy, zosta\u0142y \u201enarzucone\u201d spo\u0142eczno\u015bciom lokalnym. Inne by\u0142y wynikiem \u201emodernizacji dramatycznej\u201d. Jeszcze inne, jak zdobycie wykszta\u0142cenia czy realizacja kobiety poza domem, by\u0142y postrzegane jako wewn\u0119trzna potrzeba. Unowocze\u015bnianie wsp\u00f3lnoty u\u015bwiadamiano tak\u017ce poprzez zwi\u0105zek mi\u0119dzy kultur\u0105 polityczn\u0105 a \u017cyciem jednostki. Znacz\u0105c\u0105 rol\u0119 odgrywa\u0142a konkurencja projekt\u00f3w narodowych. Intelektuali\u015bci i dzia\u0142acze publiczni zwracali uwag\u0119 na prowincj\u0119, staraj\u0105c si\u0119 szerzy\u0107 swoje idee i mobilizowa\u0107 zwolennik\u00f3w. Jednak wiele os\u00f3b postrzega\u0142o zmiany modernizacyjne nie tylko z nadziej\u0105, ale i z obawami, bo zaburza\u0142y one zwyk\u0142y rytm \u017cycia i pozbawia\u0142y poczucia tradycyjnej ochrony.\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a0299a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1a0299a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mudryi Marian<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-30b9194 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"30b9194\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Oddzia\u0142ywanie wydarze\u0144 Wiosny Lud\u00f3w w Galicji na kszta\u0142ty to\u017csamo\u015bci i pozycj\u0119 spo\u0142eczn\u0105 os\u00f3b gente Rutheni, natione Poloni<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a076b1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a076b1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Do 1848 r. \u015brodowisko os\u00f3b o podw\u00f3jnej (dwuszczeblowej) rusko-polskiej to\u017csamo\u015bci, nazwane p\u00f3\u017aniej gente Rutheni, natione Poloni, nie mia\u0142o w\u0142asnej organizacji ani \u015bwiadomo\u015bci jej potrzeby. Historycy wy\u0142apuj\u0105 t\u0105 odmian\u0119 to\u017csamo\u015bci na podstawie fragmentarnych wypowiedzi i dzia\u0142a\u0144 jednostek, kt\u00f3re b\u0119d\u0105c Polakami uwidacznia\u0142y ruskie pochodzenie (etniczne lub z teren\u00f3w Rusi). W latach 30. XIX w. \u015bwiadomo\u015b\u0107 gente\u2013natione przejawia\u0142a si\u0119 g\u0142\u00f3wnie w\u015br\u00f3d aktywnej spo\u0142ecznie m\u0142odzie\u017cy, kt\u00f3ra obmy\u015bla\u0142a kl\u0119sk\u0119 powstania listopadowego i szuka\u0142a sposob\u00f3w na wykorzystanie ruskiej ludno\u015bci do walki o odbudow\u0119 Rzeczypospolitej.\nDla os\u00f3b gente Rutheni, natione Poloni Wiosna Lud\u00f3w sta\u0142a si\u0119 trudnym wyzwaniem, wymuszaj\u0105c konsolidacj\u0119. Przejawem tego by\u0142o stworzenie Soboru Ruskiego \u2013 organizacji politycznej, kt\u00f3ra dzia\u0142a\u0142a od maja do pa\u017adziernika 1848 r. i sta\u0142a si\u0119 jedyn\u0105 instytucj\u0105 w dziejach Rusin\u00f3w natione Poloni. Jej sk\u0142ad osobowy i dzia\u0142ania pozwalaj\u0105 stwierdzi\u0107, \u017ce w 1848 r. rusko-polska to\u017csamo\u015b\u0107 mia\u0142a najwi\u0119ksze poparcie w\u015br\u00f3d przedstawicieli nowej inteligencji (publicyst\u00f3w, pisarzy, prawnik\u00f3w), szukaj\u0105cych dla siebie szanse \u017cyciowe, oraz wschodniogalicyjskiego ziemia\u0144stwa, kt\u00f3rego g\u0142\u00f3wnym zmartwieniem by\u0142o utrzymanie pod kontrol\u0105 ch\u0142op\u00f3w.\nWydarzenia Wiosny Lud\u00f3w ujawni\u0142y grup\u0119 Rusin\u00f3w natione Poloni, zmusi\u0142y j\u0105 do publicznego ods\u0142oni\u0119cia si\u0119, a jednocze\u015bnie przyspieszy\u0142y jej rozpad. Polityczna konkurencja okaza\u0142a si\u0119 dla Soboru Ruskiego ponad si\u0142y. Rewolucja bezprecedensowo podnios\u0142a znaczenie to\u017csamo\u015bci narodowej: przekszta\u0142ci\u0142a j\u0105 z kwestii \u015bwiatopogl\u0105dowej w polityczn\u0105, wskaza\u0142a na zale\u017cno\u015bci pomi\u0119dzy to\u017csamo\u015bci\u0105 narodow\u0105 a spo\u0142eczn\u0105. Przenosz\u0105c idea\u0142 spo\u0142eczny ze stosunkowo bezkonfliktowej przesz\u0142o\u015bci do nowego rozumienia narodu i walki narodowej, rewolucja szybko niszczy\u0142a podw\u00f3jne to\u017csamo\u015bci. Ona nie tylko stwierdzi\u0142a wy\u017cszo\u015b\u0107 narodowo\u015bci nad pochodzeniem, ale r\u00f3wnie\u017c zmusi\u0142a mieszka\u0144c\u00f3w Galicji do \u017cycia w jednej \u2013 polskiej lub ukrai\u0144skiej \u2013 przestrzeni narodowej.\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e3a81d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7e3a81d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aliaksandr Smalianczuk<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d0420b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1d0420b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Obraz Polski i Polak\u00f3w we wsp\u00f3\u0142czesnej bia\u0142oruskiej historiografii i ideologii<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec7f791 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ec7f791\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Na prze\u0142omie 1917\u20131918 roku polskie organizacje wschodniej cz\u0119\u015bci Bia\u0142orusi wspiera\u0142y bia\u0142oruskich polityk\u00f3w i godzi\u0142y si\u0119 z tym, \u017ce kontury polityczne Bia\u0142orusi powinny odpowiada\u0107 granicom etnograficznym. Jednak bia\u0142oruscy socjali\u015bci, kt\u00f3rzy zdominowali ruch narodowy, zwracali wi\u0119ksz\u0105 uwag\u0119 na pogl\u0105dy polskich narodowych demokrat\u00f3w i stanowisko Rady Regencyjnej, w kt\u00f3rym zauwa\u017cano pewne nastroje aneksjonistyczne.\nWa\u017cn\u0105 rol\u0119 w rozwoju stosunk\u00f3w polsko-bia\u0142oruskich odegra\u0142 konflikt mi\u0119dzy bolszewikami a Korpusem Polskim gen. J\u00f3zefa Dowb\u00f3r-Musnickiego, z kt\u00f3rym zwi\u0105zane by\u0142y liczne oskar\u017cenia polskich \u017co\u0142nierzy i oficer\u00f3w o przemoc i zn\u0119canie si\u0119 nad bia\u0142oruskimi ch\u0142opami. Te gwa\u0142ty wynika\u0142y z tego, \u017ce Korpus by\u0142 zmuszony samodzielnie zaopatrywa\u0107 si\u0119 w \u017cywno\u015b\u0107 i pasz\u0119.\nNiemniej zagro\u017cenie bolszewickie przyczyni\u0142o si\u0119 do zbli\u017cenia polsko-bia\u0142oruskiego. Dobrym przyk\u0142adem by\u0142o utworzenie w Mi\u0144sku 20 lutego 1918 r. wsp\u00f3lnej wojskowej komendy, kt\u00f3ra reprezentowa\u0142a Centraln\u0105 Bia\u0142orusk\u0105 Rad\u0119 Wojskow\u0105 i jednostki polskie.\nNiemiecka okupacja Mi\u0144szczyzny sk\u0142oni\u0142a Bia\u0142orusin\u00f3w do bardziej aktywnych dzia\u0142a\u0144. 25 marca 1918 og\u0142oszono niepodleg\u0142o\u015b\u0107 Bia\u0142oruskiej Republiki Ludowej. Elity miejscowej wsp\u00f3lnoty polskiej przychylnie odnosi\u0142y si\u0119 do niepodleg\u0142o\u015bciowych aspiracji Bia\u0142orusin\u00f3w. Jednak pr\u00f3ba rozegrania przez Bia\u0142orusin\u00f3w \u201ekarty niemieckiej\u201d wywo\u0142a\u0142a niezadowolenie. Tak, Polska Rada Ziemi Mi\u0144skiej w czerwcu 1918 odm\u00f3wi\u0142a wys\u0142ania swoich przedstawicieli do Rady BRL.\nSytuacj\u0119 na okupowanych ziemiach bia\u0142oruskich determinowa\u0142a polityka Berlina, kt\u00f3ry nie zamierza\u0142 uzna\u0107 niepodleg\u0142o\u015bci Bia\u0142orusi. Niemcy stara\u0142y si\u0119 nie narusza\u0107 warunk\u00f3w traktatu pokojowego z Rosj\u0105, podpisanego 3 marca 1918 r. w Brze\u015bciu. Niemiecka administracja okupacyjna podejmowa\u0142a wiele wysi\u0142k\u00f3w, aby zapobiec jedno\u015bci r\u00f3\u017cnych si\u0142 narodowych i politycznych na okupowanych ziemiach. To jej dzia\u0142ania doprowadzi\u0142y do dymisji \u201egabinetu\u201d Romana Skirmunta w lipcu 1918 r., kt\u00f3ry by\u0142 czy nie ostatnia pr\u00f3b\u0105 konsolidacji wszystkich si\u0142 politycznych wok\u00f3\u0142 idei niepodleg\u0142o\u015bci. Z drugiej strony propaganda bolszewicka przekonywa\u0142a, \u017ce za \u201egabinetem\u201d Skirmunta stoi \u201epolska intryga\u201d i zamiar \u201epan\u00f3w polskich\u201d odzyskania kontroli nad Bia\u0142orusi\u0105.\nW pa\u017adzierniku 1918 r. powsta\u0142 rz\u0105d Antona \u0141uckewicza, kt\u00f3ry do\u0142o\u017cy\u0142 wszelkich stara\u0144, aby Europa i \u015bwiat uznali niepodleg\u0142o\u015b\u0107 BRL. G\u0142\u00f3wne nadzieje nadal by\u0142y zwi\u0105zane z Niemcami, a wiod\u0105cym bia\u0142oruskim dyplomat\u0105 na \u201eniemieckim odcinku\u201d by\u0142 Roman Skirmunt. Ale jednocze\u015bnie delegacje bia\u0142oruskie zosta\u0142y wys\u0142ane na Ukrain\u0119, Litw\u0119 i Polsk\u0119. Jednak Rada BRL widocznie nie spodziewa\u0142a si\u0119 na Polsk\u0119, gdy\u017c delegacji do Warszawy przewodniczy\u0142 znany z antypolskich wypowiedzi Jazep Waronka. \nW listopadzie 1918 r. Roman Skirmunt pr\u00f3bowa\u0142 naprawi\u0107 sytuacj\u0119. On i Antony Albrecht Radziwi\u0142\u0142, jako przedstawiciele Rady BRL, spotkali si\u0119 w Bernie z Konstantym Skirmuntem, kt\u00f3ry reprezentowa\u0142 Polski Komitet Narodowy Polski. Dopiero w tym momencie cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 bia\u0142oruskiej elity politycznej po raz pierwszy zobaczy\u0142a w Warszawie sojusznika w walce o niepodleg\u0142o\u015b\u0107.\n29 listopada 1918 r. Mi\u0144sk zaj\u0119\u0142a Armia Czerwona. Delegacja BRL pozosta\u0142a w Warszawie, dok\u0105d przenie\u015bli si\u0119 tak\u017ce cz\u0142onkowi innych delegacji dyplomatycznych. Rz\u0105d wyjecha\u0142 z Mi\u0144ska do Wilna. Rozpocz\u0119\u0142a si\u0119 historia BRL na emigracji, kt\u00f3ra trwa do dzi\u015b.\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe2d94b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fe2d94b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Rimantas Miknys<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f49a151 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f49a151\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Polski projekt narodowy w procesie odrodzenia narodu litewskiego<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d365453 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d365453\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Nowy projekt reformy narodu polskiego (przede wszystkim Konstytucja 3 Maja), kt\u00f3ry powsta\u0142 w epoce o\u015bwiecenia oraz w ko\u0144cu XVIII w., kt\u00f3ry pom\u00f3g\u0142 Polakom przetrwa\u0107 jako spo\u0142ecze\u0144stwu, dla Polski jako pa\u0144stwa, jako wariantowi samodzielnej cywilizacji sta\u0142 si\u0119 jednym z podstawowych czynnik\u00f3w, kt\u00f3re inspirowa\u0142y powstanie tego pa\u0144stwa \u2013 jego odrodzenie si\u0119. Ten projekt pom\u00f3g\u0142 innym nowoczesnym narodom na ziemiach dawnej Rzeczypospolitej \u2013 Litwinom, Bia\u0142orusinom, Ukrai\u0144com w kszta\u0142towaniu si\u0119 ich \u015bwiadomo\u015bci narodowej. \nW procesie powstania nowoczesnego narodu polskiego historiografia  wyr\u00f3\u017cnia trzy fazy: 1) Faza porozbiorowa: romantyzm \u2013 na podstawie tradycji to\u017csamo\u015bci szlacheckiej (1795-1863); 2) Faza redefinicji polskiego narodu politycznego w kierunku \u201etr\u00f3jjedynej\u201d natury  (1864-1889); 3) Faza rozkwitu nacjonalizmu (1890 -1918). Jaki wp\u0142yw w ka\u017cdej fazie polski projekt narodowy mia\u0142 w procesie kszta\u0142towanie si\u0119  dla litewskiego nowoczesnego narodu? \nPozytywny wp\u0142yw polskiego projektu narodowego, kt\u00f3ry zainspirowa\u0142 inne narody zauwa\u017calny jest w pierwszych dw\u00f3ch fazach rozwoju nowoczesnego narodu. W pierwszej fazie najbardziej na wykrystalizowanie si\u0119 interes\u00f3w narodowo-kulturalnych tych spo\u0142ecze\u0144stw ,a  mianowicie na produkcj\u0119 narodowo-kulturowych znak\u00f3w rozpoznawczych (ksi\u0105\u017cek, prasy na tematy etnograficzne, folkloru, historii itp.) wp\u0142yn\u0105\u0142 romantyzm polski, romantyczna wersja narodu polskiego. Dla Litwin\u00f3w bardzo wa\u017cna by\u0142a idea pa\u0144stwowo\u015bci Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narod\u00f3w, na kt\u00f3rej oparty by\u0142 projekt narodu polskiego a\u017c do powstania styczniowego.\nPo powstaniu styczniowym, gdy zdominowa\u0142a opcja narodu opartego o zasad\u0119 nacjonalistyczn\u0105 oraz zwyci\u0119\u017cy\u0142y si\u0142y polityczne, kt\u00f3re organizowa\u0142y swoj\u0105 dzia\u0142alno\u015b\u0107 w oparciu o ni\u0105, polski projekt narodowy staje si\u0119 konkurencyjny wobec litewskiego. Napi\u0119cie wzros\u0142o na pocz. XX wieku, gdy zosta\u0142y sformu\u0142owane samodzielne cele polityczne litewskiego ruchu narodowego w stosunku do projektu polskiego. W okresie pierwszej wojny \u015bwiatowej to doprowadzi\u0142o do otwartych star\u0107 Litwin\u00f3w z Polakami.\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52c793d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"52c793d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Volodymyr Komar<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a6641e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a6641e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ukrai\u0144cy w ruchu prometejskim okresu mi\u0119dzywojennego<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83fc1a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"83fc1a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">W okresie sulej\u00f3wkowskim dzi\u0119ki staraniom J. Pi\u0142sudskiego, R. Knolla, T. Ho\u0142\u00f3wki \u0456 T. Schaetzla za\u0142o\u017cono odstawy ruchu prometejskiego, skierowanego przeciwko ZSRR. Aktywnymi jego uczestnikami stali si\u0119 Ukrai\u0144cy (petlurowcy) i inni emigranci z by\u0142ej carskiej Rosji.  Dzi\u0119ki staraniom T. Ho\u0142\u00f3wki w 1926 r. powsta\u0142 w Pary\u017cu Klub \u201ePrometeusz\u201d. \n1 lutego 1927 r. na terenie Polski rozpocz\u0105\u0142 dzia\u0142alno\u015b\u0107 Sztab Generalny Armii URL z gen. P. Szandrukiem na czele. W 1928 r. przewodnictwo nad ruchem prometejskim obj\u0105\u0142 Klub \u201ePrometeusz\u201d w Warszawie, na czele zarz\u0105du kt\u00f3rego stan\u0105\u0142 ukrai\u0144ski profesor R. Smal-Stocki. \nPropagowaniem prometeizmu w Polsce zajmowa\u0142a si\u0119 Agencja Telegraficzna Express (ATE), kt\u00f3r\u0105 za\u0142o\u017cono w marcu 1925 r. w Warszawie. W 1929 r. zgodnie z rekomendacj\u0105 T. Ho\u0142\u00f3wki, przewodnicz\u0105cym ATE wybrano Ukrai\u0144ca M. Kowalewskiego. Powa\u017cn\u0105 prac\u0119 propagandow\u0105 na poziomie mi\u0119dzynarodowym prowadzi\u0142a Agencja telegraficzna \u201eOfinor\u201d, kt\u00f3r\u0105 za\u0142o\u017cono w 1927 r. w Rzymie. Pierwszym i niezmiennym jej przewodnicz\u0105cym zosta\u0142 ukrai\u0144ski in\u017cynier M. Jeremijew.  Wa\u017cne miejsce w ruchu prometejskim zajmowa\u0142 Ukrai\u0144ski Instytut Naukowy w Warszawie (UIN). Dyrektorem UIN zosta\u0142 profesor A. \u0141otocki, a obowi\u0105zki sekretarza pe\u0142ni\u0142 profesor R. Smal-Stocki. Ogromny wk\u0142ad w sprawie prometejskiej w\u0142o\u017cy\u0142a \u201egrupa BPU\u201d W. B\u0105czkowskiego. W redakcji BPU w Warszawie pracowali Ukrai\u0144cy J. Ma\u0142aniuk \u0456 P. Wasy\u0144czuk, \u0430 B. \u0141epki oraz I. Kedryn-Rudnicki aktywnie wsp\u00f3\u0142pracowali z tym pismem.\nTak wi\u0119c, emigracja URL w okresie mi\u0119dzywojennym pozostawa\u0142a wiern\u0105 tradycjom \u201eSojuszu Pi\u0142sudski \u2013 Petlura 1920 r.\u201d. Petlurowcy stali si\u0119 aktywnymi uczestnikami ruchu prometejskiego pod przyw\u00f3dztwem Polski i stali wi\u0119c na czele wi\u0119kszo\u015bci organizacji prometejskich. Najbardziej aktywnymi przedstawicielami ruchu prometejskiego w\u015br\u00f3d Ukrai\u0144c\u00f3w byli \u2013 A. Liwicki, R. Smal-Stocki, W. Salski, P. Szandruk i in.\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6655ef8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6655ef8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">J\u00fcrgen Heyde<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-428856a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"428856a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">To\u017csamo\u015b\u0107 miejska w migranckiej spo\u0142eczno\u015bci: Kronika ormia\u0144ska w Kamie\u0144cu Podolskim w XVI w.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04837f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"04837f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Wyk\u0142ad przedstawia aspekty kroniki miejskiej z perspektywy grupy migranckiej \u2013 spo\u0142eczno\u015bci ormia\u0144skiej w Kamie\u0144cu Podolskim w XVI\/XVII wieku na podstawie kronik ormia\u0144skiej napisanej po cz\u0119\u015bci w literackim j\u0119zyku staroormia\u0144skim, po cz\u0119\u015bci w obiegowym j\u0119zyku ormia\u0144ski-kipczackim. \u0179r\u00f3d\u0142o to otwiera inn\u0105 perspektyw\u0119 na histori\u0119 miasta i na to\u017csamo\u015b\u0107 zamieszkuj\u0105cych nim grup ludno\u015bci.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d388c68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d388c68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Roman Baron<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b3a12a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3b3a12a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Przemiany czeskiej \u015bwiadomo\u015bci narodowej na polskich  Kresach. Przyk\u0142ad Galicji<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1c9fd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b1c9fd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">W swym wyst\u0105pieniu chcia\u0142bym podj\u0105\u0107 w\u0105tek na poz\u00f3r by\u0107 mo\u017ce marginalny z punktu widzenia bada\u0144 to\u017csamo\u015bci (w tej liczbie hybrydowych) na pograniczu kulturowym w Galicji.\nAczkolwiek naszym zdaniem dokumentuje on zar\u00f3wno \u00f3wczesne zr\u00f3\u017cnicowanie, czyli bogactwo wielokulturowo\u015bci (a nie \u201etylko\u201c dwu-, trzy- czy nawet czterokulturowo\u015bci) rozumianej jako miejscowej wieloj\u0119zyczno\u015bci, wieloetniczno\u015bci czy wielowyznaniowo\u015bci tej cz\u0119\u015bci Europy, kt\u00f3rej nadano nazw\u0119 Galicja, Galizien, Ha\u0142yczyna, Galicje, czy np. Hali\u010d, jak te\u017c niew\u0105tpliw\u0105 jedno\u015b\u0107 kulturow\u0105 wynikaj\u0105c\u0105 z poprzedniego wielowiekowego rozwoju historycznego. S\u0105dz\u0119, \u017ce interesuj\u0105ce nas tutaj szczeg\u00f3lnie zjawisko to\u017csamo\u015bci hybrydowej, a zatem to\u017csamo\u015bci niejednoznacznej czy \u015bci\u015blej niejednorodnej (podw\u00f3jnej, mi\u0119dzy, mieszanej, zmieniaj\u0105cej si\u0119 w czasie i\/lub w przestrzeni itp.), jest trudno uchwytne, co nie oznacza jednak wcale, i\u017c nie warto podejmowa\u0107 wysi\u0142k\u00f3w na tym polu bada\u0144. Niniejsza pr\u00f3ba w tym zakresie dotyczy\u0107 b\u0119dzie szeroko rozumianej spo\u0142eczno\u015bci czeskiej w Galicji, tzn. os\u00f3b wywodz\u0105cych si\u0119 z tego \u015brodowiska i formuj\u0105cych sw\u0105 to\u017csamo\u015b\u0107 w styczno\u015bci z kultur\u0105 Galicji z autopsji \u2013 g\u0142\u00f3wnie poprzez podr\u00f3\u017ce, wieloletnie zamieszkanie, urodzenie i wychowanie.\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6c078a9d\" data-id=\"6c078a9d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-28568212 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"28568212\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-7ef14ccd\" data-id=\"7ef14ccd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-587249d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"587249d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Congress Secretariat<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-238e0bfd elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"238e0bfd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49a7c8b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"49a7c8b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Polskie Towarzystwo Historyczne Oddzia\u0142 w Krakowie\nul. Go\u0142\u0119bia 13 31-007 Krak\u00f3w\nemail: <b>sekretariat.ivkongres@uj.edu.pl<\/b><\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59952075 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"59952075\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.8.0 - 30-10-2022 *\/\n.elementor-widget-divider{--divider-border-style:none;--divider-border-width:1px;--divider-color:#2c2c2c;--divider-icon-size:20px;--divider-element-spacing:10px;--divider-pattern-height:24px;--divider-pattern-size:20px;--divider-pattern-url:none;--divider-pattern-repeat:repeat-x}.elementor-widget-divider .elementor-divider{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}.elementor-widget-divider .elementor-divider__text{font-size:15px;line-height:1;max-width:95%}.elementor-widget-divider .elementor-divider__element{margin:0 var(--divider-element-spacing);-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0}.elementor-widget-divider .elementor-icon{font-size:var(--divider-icon-size)}.elementor-widget-divider .elementor-divider-separator{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin:0;direction:ltr}.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_icon .elementor-divider-separator,.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_text .elementor-divider-separator{-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center}.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_icon .elementor-divider-separator:after,.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_icon .elementor-divider-separator:before,.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_text .elementor-divider-separator:after,.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_text .elementor-divider-separator:before{display:block;content:\"\";border-bottom:0;-webkit-box-flex:1;-ms-flex-positive:1;flex-grow:1;border-top:var(--divider-border-width) var(--divider-border-style) var(--divider-color)}.elementor-widget-divider--element-align-left .elementor-divider .elementor-divider-separator>.elementor-divider__svg:first-of-type{-webkit-box-flex:0;-ms-flex-positive:0;flex-grow:0;-ms-flex-negative:100;flex-shrink:100}.elementor-widget-divider--element-align-left .elementor-divider-separator:before{content:none}.elementor-widget-divider--element-align-left .elementor-divider__element{margin-left:0}.elementor-widget-divider--element-align-right .elementor-divider .elementor-divider-separator>.elementor-divider__svg:last-of-type{-webkit-box-flex:0;-ms-flex-positive:0;flex-grow:0;-ms-flex-negative:100;flex-shrink:100}.elementor-widget-divider--element-align-right .elementor-divider-separator:after{content:none}.elementor-widget-divider--element-align-right .elementor-divider__element{margin-right:0}.elementor-widget-divider:not(.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_text):not(.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_icon) .elementor-divider-separator{border-top:var(--divider-border-width) var(--divider-border-style) var(--divider-color)}.elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern{--divider-border-style:none}.elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern.elementor-widget-divider--view-line .elementor-divider-separator,.elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern:not(.elementor-widget-divider--view-line) .elementor-divider-separator:after,.elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern:not(.elementor-widget-divider--view-line) .elementor-divider-separator:before,.elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern:not([class*=elementor-widget-divider--view]) .elementor-divider-separator{width:100%;min-height:var(--divider-pattern-height);-webkit-mask-size:var(--divider-pattern-size) 100%;mask-size:var(--divider-pattern-size) 100%;-webkit-mask-repeat:var(--divider-pattern-repeat);mask-repeat:var(--divider-pattern-repeat);background-color:var(--divider-color);-webkit-mask-image:var(--divider-pattern-url);mask-image:var(--divider-pattern-url)}.elementor-widget-divider--no-spacing{--divider-pattern-size:auto}.elementor-widget-divider--bg-round{--divider-pattern-repeat:round}.rtl .elementor-widget-divider .elementor-divider__text{direction:rtl}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-divider,.e-con>.elementor-widget-divider{width:var(--container-widget-width,100%)}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f8d32fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3f8d32fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! 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Founded by the outstanding Polish historian Marian Ma\u0142owist (1909\u20131988), APH has been published [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"footnotes":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/coph2022.pl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/252"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/coph2022.pl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/coph2022.pl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/coph2022.pl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/coph2022.pl\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=252"}],"version-history":[{"count":60,"href":"https:\/\/coph2022.pl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/252\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1366,"href":"https:\/\/coph2022.pl\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/252\/revisions\/1366"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/coph2022.pl\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=252"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}